lecture 31

Question 1

how trainable is blood volume

Answer 1

very trainable and has big advantages

Question 2

what does BV =

Answer 2

plasma + red cell volume.

Question 3

what would increase in plasma volume mean

Answer 3

increase venous return. so, increase SV, increase thermoregulation.

Question 4

how long does it take for PV to become measurable

Answer 4

takes only 1 day to become clearly measurable.

Question 5

what would increase in RCV mean

Answer 5

increase oxygen delivery, decrease demand for peripheral blood flow.

Question 6

how long does it take RCV to be measurable

Answer 6

around 3 weeks.

Question 7

when does athletic anaemia occur

Answer 7

occurs early in increase training load. usually due to plasma volume increasing faster than red call volume increasing.

Question 8

what does Haematocrit =

Answer 8

red blood cell volume / blood volume

Question 9

initial stimulus of blood volume: PV.

Answer 9

acute decrease in BV due to decrease in both central venous pressire and arterial pressure. causing acute increase in osmolality. increase albumin synthesis. which helps create balance increaing PV.

Question 10

initial stimulus of blood volume: RCV

Answer 10

(renal) hypoxia.

Question 11

mediator of increase blood volume in PV

Answer 11

aldosterone (conserve sodium and water), ADH (conserve h20)

Question 12

mediator of increase volume in RCV

Answer 12

erythropoietin

Question 13

how to stimulate PV for increase in BV

Answer 13

Heat, long duration acticity, dehydration.

Question 14

how to stimulate RCV in increase of BV.

Answer 14

very prolonged increase PV.

Question 15

how does vascularisation influence o2 extraction and utilisation

Answer 15

new formation of blood tissues within a blood vessel. vascular resistance changes the diameter of arterioles. more capilarisation around each muscle fibre enhancing oxygen extraction.

Question 16

how does muscle influence o2 extraction and utilisation.

Answer 16

fibre type and size - smaller muscles have greater surface area. slow twitch fibres are more efficient with o2.

mitchondria - depending on size, no., cellular location and oxidative enzyme concentrations.

myoglobin

Question 17

what are the key signals for endurance training in the muscle

Answer 17

increase in calcium, increase in AMP/ATP and increase in ROS.

Question 18

adaptations driven by these muscle signals.

Answer 18

enzyme activity, increase in slow twitch myosin, capillarisation and antioxidant capacity.

Question 19

main reason for increased systemic vascular capacity in endurance runners

Answer 19

larger arteries and arterioles.
some new networks of arteries and arterioles. more capillaries (angionesis).

Question 20

how does training increase systemic vascular capacity?

Answer 20

metabolic signals
shear stress in blood vessels

Question 21

how does exercise put high shear stress on vessel wall.

Answer 21

increase in NO production
increase vessel dilation (NO-dependent dilation)
and stimulates vessel proliferation.

Question 22

what training is best for increase systemic vascular capacity

Answer 22

wide range of intervals and continuous are effective.

Question 23

how does capillarisation aid exchnage

Answer 23

↓ diffusion distance
increase time for exchange
increase blood flow in tissue

Question 24

do bigger fibres need more capilaries?

Answer 24

yes

Question 25

what type of fibre need more capillaries

Answer 25

oxidative fibres need more.

Question 26

what does endurance training cuase the size of fibres to be

Answer 26

Endurance training causes hypertrophy of Type I fibres (~30% larger)

Question 27

what does endurance training cuase the types of fibres to be

Answer 27

Shift in type Type II fibres toward IIa, But probably not Type II to I.

Question 28

do

Question 29

do fibres become more oxidative with endurance training ?

Answer 29

All fibres become more oxidative!

Question 30

how to recruit the type 2 fibres

Answer 30

increase force (size principle)
fartlek training.
↑ Intensity, duration or duty cycle

Question 31

adaptations in mitochondria volume and function with training

Answer 31

increased quantity of mitochondrial protein
proportional increase in aerobic enzymes (krebs and ETC).
enhanced abilility for aerobic metabolism (CHO anf FATS)
maintenance of cellular homeostatis and po2 gradient

Question 32

is glycogen sparing in exercise a large effect?

Answer 32

yes large and valuable

Question 33

why is glycogen sparing a large effect?

Answer 33

metabolise fat, save CHO.

Question 34

what is glycogen sparing related to and caused by

Answer 34

increase capillarisation and increase mitochondria volume

Question 35

what does myoglobin do?

Answer 35

ready source of o2 and aid diffusion of o2 from membrane to mitochondria.