Lecture 31: URINE COMPOSITION, FUNCTIONS OF KIDNEY, BASIC NEPHRON PROCESSES Flashcards
What is found in normal urine?
Water, creatinine, urea, uric acid, H+, NH3, Na+, K+, drugs, toxins
How much water is in urine?
1.5L/day
What percentage of urine is water?
95-98%
How does normal urine look?
Clear, light or dark amber
what does normal urine taste like?
Acidic (pH 5-6), not sweet
What does the pH of urine depend on?
Diet
What is the pH of the urine of vegetarians?
Up to 7.2
What is the pH of the urine of meat eaters?
4.8
What is the smell of normal urine?
There is no smell
What may be found in pathological urine?
Glucose, protein, blood (erythrocytes), haemoglobin, leukocytes and bacteria
What is it called when there is haemoglobin in urine?
Haemoglobinuria
What is it a sign of when there is bacteria in urine?
Infection
What does pathological urine look like?
golden, red, brown, blue
What does pathological urine taste like?
Sweet = diabetes mellitus
What may pathological urine smell like?
Fruits or rotten
What may it mean when urine smells like fruit?
ketosis (fasting), diabetes, chronic alcohol abuse
What may it mean when urine smells rotten?
Infection (bacteria), tumor
What is measured in urinalysis?
Blood, specific gravity, glucose, pH and protein
Where is blood found?
Not urine or plasma
What may blood in the urine indicate?
Haematuria, urinary tract infection, damage to filtration barrier
What does specific gravity measure?
Osmolarity
What is the specific gravity of plasma?
285-300 mOsmol/L
What is the specific gravity of urine?
50-1335 mOsmol/L
What may it mean when specific gravity isn’t within the range?
Polyuria, diabetes mellitus, diabetes inspires (concussion)
Where is glucose found?
In plasma but not urine
What may it mean when there is glucose in the urine?
Glucosuria, diabetes mellitus