Lecture 2: ANATOMY OF SKIN - Part 2

Question 1

Where is hair found?

Answer 1

All over the body (only prominent on the head) except palms of hands and soles of feet

Question 2

What does hair consist of?

Answer 2

Hair shaft, hair follicle, arrector pili muscle and sebaceous gland

Question 3

What happens when the arrector pili muscle contracts?

Answer 3

Causes the hair to raise

Question 4

What does a sebaceous gland do?

Answer 4

Produce sebum which acts as a natural moisturiser/water repellent

Question 5

Where is sebum produced more?

Answer 5

On the head, shoulders and face

Question 6

What is lanolin?

Answer 6

Sheep sebum which is used in skincare

Question 7

What is acne?

Answer 7

Blockage of hair follicles and infection

Question 8

What does increased sebum do?

Answer 8

Increase the risk of acne

Question 9

What are the two types of sweat glands?

Answer 9

Eccrine and apocrine

Question 10

Where are eccrine glands?

Answer 10

Everywhere

Question 11

What is the role of eccrine glands?

Answer 11

Thermoregulation

Question 12

What is the role of apocrine glands?

Answer 12

Specialised

Question 13

Where are apocrine sweat glands?

Answer 13

Situated deeper in the skin, release into base of the hair follicle

Question 14

How are apocrine secretions described?

Answer 14

Oily

Question 15

What are the 3 types of receptors?

Answer 15

Tactile, lamellar and bulbous

Question 16

What receptor is deeper?

Answer 16

Lamellar are deeper than tactile receptors

Question 17

What do nails do?

Answer 17

Protect fingertips and enhance sensation

Question 18

What do sensory receptors require?

Answer 18

Deformation

Question 19

What does high pigmentation do?

Answer 19

Protects from UV radiation

Question 20

What does low pigmentation do?

Answer 20

Helps with vitamin D production

Question 21

What does melanin pigment do?

Answer 21

Absorbs UV light to protect from UV damage (damage DNA)

Question 22

Where is melanin produced?

Answer 22

In cells called melanocytes

Question 23

How is melanin transported?

Answer 23

By melanosomes (vesicles) to the epidermal cells

Question 24

Where are melanocytes found?

Answer 24

Only in the stratum basale

Question 25

Do melanocytes shed?

Answer 25

No

Question 26

Where are melanosomes found?

Answer 26

Throughout the epidermis

Question 27

Do melanosomes shed?

Answer 27

Yes. With the keratinocytes

Question 28

Where does the density of melanocytes vary?

Answer 28

Throughout the body but not between races

Question 29

What is a mole?

Answer 29

Cluster of melanocytes

Question 30

What causes a mole?

Answer 30

Overproliferation can be cause by sun exposure

Question 31

What is a freckle?

Answer 31

Melanocytes overproducing melanosomes

Question 32

What causes a freckle?

Answer 32

Overproduction triggered by sun exposure

Question 33

What does more UV mean?

Answer 33

More pigment

Question 34

What does less UV mean?

Answer 34

Less pigment

Question 35

What is vitamin D deficiency?

Answer 35

Rickets

Question 36

What is vitamin D essential for?

Answer 36

Normal calcium metabolism and strong bones

Question 37

What does vitamin D deficiency also effect?

Answer 37

Mood

Question 38

What is UV exposure in skin required for?

Answer 38

Vitamin D synthesis

Question 39

Where is there a greater incidence of lightly pigmented skin?

Answer 39

At higher latitudes

Question 40

What people are more susceptible to Vitamin D deficiency?

Answer 40

Highly pigmented people, particularly at extreme latitudes

Question 41

What does New Zealand have one of the highest rates for worldwide?

Answer 41

Skin cancer

Question 42

What proportion of NZers are pakeha (European descent, mostly British)?

Answer 42

Large proportion (74%)

Question 43

What is the UV of NZ?

Answer 43

Intense (elliptical orbit of the sun, latitude, thin ozone)

Question 44

What country also has high skin cancer rates?

Answer 44

Australia

Question 45

What are the types of skin cancer?

Answer 45

Basal cell carcinoma and malignant melanoma

Question 46

How is basal cell carcinoma described?

Answer 46

Common but relatively benign

Question 47

Where does basal cell carcinoma originate?

Answer 47

In the stratum basale

Question 48

Metastasis is ______ for basal cell carcinoma?

Answer 48

Rare

Question 49

What is metastatis?

Answer 49

Breaking off and moving to and growing in another part of the body

Question 50

How is Malignant melanoma described?

Answer 50

Rare but deadly if not treated

Question 51

Where does malignant melanoma originate?

Answer 51

In the melanocytes (pigmented)

Question 52

Malignant melanoma is ______ metastatic

Answer 52

Highly

Question 53

What does the mortality rate of malignant melanoma depend on?

Answer 53

The tutor (thickness and depth as it is more likely to get into the circulatory system and cause damage to organs)

Question 54

What is tattoo?

Answer 54

Artificial pigmentation (usually ink) deposited deep within the skin

Question 55

Where is the ink of a tattoo deposited?

Answer 55

Into the dermal layer so it is effective and doesn’t shed

Question 56

What is done with the tattoo ink?

Answer 56

It is captured inside the immune cells/scar tissue but not broken down

Question 57

What happens to lymph nodes in tattoo?

Answer 57

They may become pigmented as the tattoo breaks down

Question 58

What are the types of tattoo?

Answer 58

Trauma, decorative and cosmetic (e.g. eyebrows)

Question 59

What is the Polynesian connections of tattoos?

Answer 59

Maori, ta moko

Samoan, Pe’a