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HUBS192 Melia > Lecture 30: THE URETERS, BLADDER AND URETHRA > Flashcards

Lecture 30: THE URETERS, BLADDER AND URETHRA Flashcards

1
Q

How are transitional epithelium cells?

A

Stratified, rounded

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2
Q

What happens to transitional epithelium cells when stretched?

A

They flatten

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3
Q

What is the purpose of transitional epithelium?

A

For protection from urine (waste product) returning to the underlying tissues

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4
Q

Where do the ureters arise from?

A

The renal pelvis at each hilum

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5
Q

What are the ureters?

A

Slender tubes that carry urine from kidneys to bladder

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6
Q

Where do the ureters travel?

A

Descend retroperitoneally through the abdomen vertically from hila (has some curves)

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7
Q

What moves urine to the bladder?

A

Peristaltic waves and gravity

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8
Q

What are the layers of the ureter (inner to outer)?

A

Transitional epithelium, muscularis, adventiita

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9
Q

How is the muscularis of the ureter?

A

Inner longitudinal and outer circular

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10
Q

What is the adventitia?

A

Outer covering of FCT

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11
Q

What is on the inner surface of the ureter?

A

Folded protective waxy protein plaques

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12
Q

How do the ureters enter the bladder?

A

They run obliquely through the wall at its postolateral corners

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13
Q

What does the ureter act as?

A

A sphincter/valve which is compressed by increases bladder pressure to prevent backflow

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14
Q

What is the urinary bladder?

A

A collapsible muscular sac

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15
Q

What does the urinary bladder do?

A

Stores and expels urine

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16
Q

What does the urinary bladder do when empty?

A

Collapses along folds (rugae)

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17
Q

What does the urinary bladder do when full?

A

Expands without great increase in pressure

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18
Q

What is the volume of the urinary bladder?

A

Approximately 500ml

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19
Q

What are rugae?

A

Folds that allow the bladder to expand

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20
Q

What is the trigone?

A

Triangular region between 2 openings of entry of ureters and 1 opening for urethra

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21
Q

What is the shape of an empty bladder?

A

Pyramidal

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22
Q

Where is the bladder found when empty?

A

Lies within the pelvis

23
Q

What happens to the shape of the bladder as it fills?

A

It becomes more spherical

24
Q

Where is the bladder found when filling?

A

It expands superiorly into the abdominal cavity

25
Q

What can be done to the bladder when full?

A

It can be palpitated above the pubic symphysis

26
Q

Where is the male bladder found?

A

Anterior to the rectum and superior to the prostate gland

27
Q

What wraps around the male urethra?

A

The prostate gland

28
Q

Where is the female bladder found?

A

Anterior to vagina and uterus

29
Q

What is the urinary bladder wall folded into?

A

Rugae for expansion

30
Q

What is the mucosa of the urinary bladder?

A

Transitional epithelium

31
Q

What is the muscle of the urinary bladder?

A

Thick layer of smooth muscle called detrusor

32
Q

What fibres are in the detrusor?

A

Longitudinal, circular and oblique

33
Q

What does detrusor do?

A

Contractions expel urine from the bladder into the urethra during urination

34
Q

What is the urethra?

A

A thin walled muscular tube

35
Q

What does the urethra do?

A

Drains urine from the bladder out of the body

36
Q

How does the epithelium change in the urethra?

A

Transitional near the bladder, then columnar and stratified squamous near external opening

37
Q

Why is the epithelium transitional near the bladder in the urethra?

A

Because it needs to be able to stretch as urine enters

38
Q

Why is there columnar epithelium in the urethra?

A

Mucous to protect epithelium from urine (has mucus glands)

39
Q

What is the external opening of the urethra called?

A

External meatus/orifice

40
Q

Why is the epithelium stratified squamous at the external opening of the urethra?

A

Protection from abrasion

41
Q

What is the length of the female urethra?

A

Approximately 5cm

42
Q

Is the female urethra part of the reproductive system?

A

No, it is separate

43
Q

What is the length of the male urethra?

A

Approximately 25cm

44
Q

Is the male urethra part of the reproductive system?

A

Yes

45
Q

What is the initial section of the male urethra surrounded by?

A

Prostate gland which produces seminal fluid

46
Q

What are the sections of the male urethra?

A

Prostatic, membranous and spongy/penile

47
Q

Where is the internal urethral/urinary sphincter?

A

Junction of bladder and urethra

48
Q

What is the muscle of the internal urethral/urinary sphincter?

A

Detrusor muscle (smooth muscle under involuntary control)

49
Q

Where is the external urethral/urinary sphincter?

A

Where the urethra passes through the urogenital diaphragm

50
Q

What is the muscle of the external urethral/urinary sphincter?

A

Skeletal muscle under voluntary control

51
Q

What happens when the bladder fills?

A

It expands and causes an action potential from stretch receptors to be sent to the brain

52
Q

What happens as urgency to urinate occurs?

A

Increasing signal to the brain

53
Q

What sphincter relaxes first?

A

Internal sphincter and then conscious relaxation of the external sphincter

HUBS192 Melia (38 decks)

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