Lecture 3: Sexuality Flashcards
dawkins quote
what are all of us but self-reproducing robots? we have been put together by our genes and what we do is roam the world looking for a way to sustain ourselves and ultimately produce another version of us.
parental investment theory
sexual selection, competitions between members of one gender (usually male) and preferential choice by members of one gender (usually female)
behaviour and resources invested by parents to achieve the survival and reproductive success of their genetic offspring. females have much more investment because they will be carrying the baby. the difference in parental investment therefore influences the mating and the sexual selection.
but very heteronormative, and differences may be small.
singh
female physical attractiveness depends on the hip to waist ratio. this is dependent on reproductive success
but this is incorrect, they measured all the playboy models and miss america pageant winners, and the hip to waist ratio was not always 0.7.
freud
said sex is very important, can explain a lot of things by sex drive, a kind of coping. the unconscious is important, these automatic processes you are not aware of are important in the sexual response. also the pleasure principle, that may be sex, and the ideas about the person you want to be, and they may conflict.
maar ook heel male-centered. he thought there was a kind of process to which women first have a clitoral orgasm (more immature) and then when a women grows she is able to have a more vaginal orgasm. dit is natuurlijk niet zo.
Laan on freud
only heterosexual men have vaginal orgasms, when they orgasm inside a vagina. because all orgasms are clitoral, the clitoris is always responsible for the orgasm! the vagina is not sensitive.
what theory accounts for how the smell of perfume can become sexually arousing
classical conditioning
social exchange theory
rewards compared to costs, in general we want high rewards and low costs. we can exchange sex for love, love for sex, sex for money…. sex is something you can exchange
we like equity, also regarding the matching hypothesis
matching hypothesis=
The matching hypothesis (also known as the matching phenomenon) argues that people are more likely to form and succeed in a committed relationship with someone who is equally socially desirable, typically in the form of physical attraction
cognitive theory
two systems of control: system 1 (fast, automatic, stimulus driven, sometimes unconscious), system 2 (slow, cognitive, conscious)
kijken naar schrift two systems
oke
person with brain damage system 1 and 2
when he asked her to smile she couldnt (system 2) but when he made a joke she could smile (system 1)
social constructionist viewpoint
critical theories: feminist, queer and critical race theory
david buss vs. juditch butler
evolutionary perspective on gender differences vs. gender is a social construct
heteronormativity=
the belief that heterosexuality is the only pattern normal and natural (but can also be about gender)
problematic with umbrella terms
that you ignore the specific battles the subsets of the umbrella have.
symbolic interaction theory =
human nature and social order are products of symbolic communication among people, in many forms of sexual expression, two people have to develop a definition of the situation.
sexual scripts=
sexual behaviour is a result of elaborate prior learning that teaches us an etiquette of sexual behaviour. scripts are plans that people carry in their heads for what they are going to do
why do most relationships around the world follow the same patterns
because people use these sexual scripts
sexual scripts
very male dominated, not optimal for women
social institutions that influence sex
- religion
- economy
- family
- medicine
- law
5 differences in male versus female sexuality
- masturbation
- attitudes towards sex
- porn use
- the orgasm gap
- sex drive
Bogus pipeline study
asked participants about sex, three conditions: bogus pipeline, anonymous, exposure threat.
bij de bogus pipeline meer eerlijkheid.
exposure condition: women underreported due to social norms
sex niet alleen reproductive reasons, gaat ook heel veel om sexual pleasure. maar 0.1% of sex ends up in conception
oke
Meston & Buss response to Laan over dat sex alleen voor pleasure is
4 factors:
1. physical reasons: stress reduction, pleasure, physical desirability, experience seeking
2. goal attainment: resources, social status, revenge, utilitarian
3. emotional subfactors: love, commitment, expression
4. insecurity: self-esteem boost, duty/pressure, mate guarding
