Lecture 2: Transgender History Flashcards
terminology in history
Transvestism
Transsexism
Transsexualism
Gender Identity Disorder
Gender Dysphoria
Gender Incongruence
Transgender (this will also change, maybe gender diverse?)
shows that terms had a different value in the past, although they may feel outdated or offensive right now
for a large part of history, transpeople were not related to gay people. the whole rainbow umbrella is very new
oke
hard to determine whether someone was transgender in history, because it meant different things in other times: een jurk dragen in 1800 was misschien niet perse transgender.
oke
first milestone in trans history
1952: Christine Jorgensen transitioned, put female sexual hormones in a biological man. first person in history to have had sex hormones and surgery. unclear whether she actually hated that this was leaked or that she did not mind. but opened up a new conversation on transpeople and made it more accessible (i know im not the only one). the doctor got a lot of new request, but the danish government did not let him operate on other people.
hoe werd het gezien in de psychiatrie
werd vooral door psychiaters wel gezien als een mental illness, werd gezien als een waan, treating it like a delusion.
where were transwomen welcome
in the shadows of society, in the subculture of night life and prostitution. parisian travesty cabaret. here they could be themselves. it was one of the attractions. always connected to sex work. but unsafe and hard, and you had to be willing to do sex work and give up your normal life and say goodby to families.
public image: vile, disturbed, etc.
aaicha bergamin
she felt happy in this life in amsterdam, often in jail, adventurous. but as she got older, the traumatic memories came back to her: the way the amsterdam police dealt with her and her friends. they had the law to hunt these women, because it was forbidden to be out in public in the clothes of the opposite sex.
casablanca marocco
here was a surgeon who did vaginaplasty, pay in cash, at own risk. he did not believe in psychiatry or psychology, therefore no screenings etc, no after care. at own risk.
transhealthcare in the netherlands
1959 arnhem, gemeenteziekenhuis: het eerste transoperatie covered by insurance. female to male, hysteretomy and phalloplasty. the whole medical society became outraged, thought they only did harm, mutilation. became a debate in the dutch parliament. studied by a commision, the dutch health council.
dutch health council first said
said it was a deep rooted delusion related to belonging to the opposite sex. seriously disturbed patients.
this is one of the few governments who spoke out in the world.
pioneers of looking at transgenders again
- otto de vaal
- liselotte demmers
dutch gender foundation
1972, focus on medical help. no unneccessary psychiatric therapy, because it was a valid reason. principle of self-diagnosis. health insurance actually already started to pay! this is still a very large issue in other countries.
VUmc:
originally conservative and christian, but medicine must offer compassion. these people need help and we need to give it to them.
wat zei de dutch health counsil in 1977
dat ze geen gelijk hadden, en dat het een therapeutische procedure is met een grote kans op succes. very humanistic and open approach for this time
first support groups of transpeople
1970, dutch society for sexual reform (travestie en transsexualiteit)
the first visible transman
Rik Henning
we want to integrate in society, not stay outcasts
dingen die meehielpen
tv (Sonja Barends) en boeken
what was the hard thing about transitioning
medically it was fine, but being accepted was very hard and people did not get a partner, friends, lost their family, no job, etc. this scared a lot of trans people (although there were also succes stories)
195 transseksuele wet
je kon toen eindelijk je geboortecertificaat veranderen :)
wat gebeurde er in 1999
big debate about children, is it ethical to bring children into transition?
puberteitsremmers (decapeptyl), officieel approved in 1998
waarom puberteitsremmers
omdat puberteit echt een verschrikkelijke tijd is voor transmensen, je hele lichaam veranderd op een manier waarop je dat niet wil.
als je die gebruikt tot 18 en dan bepaald dat je wil transitioneren, kan je dat doen. en anders kan je alsnog een puberteit krijgen (almost all of the people go on transitioning).
but you have to guide and screen them correcly!!!! did gaat fout in amerika, in NL bijna altijd goed.
’ the dutch approach’
puberty blockers, dit ging rondom de wereld en werd heel beroemd (ontwikkelt bij de VU)
nu weer debated, door dus die verhalen uit de USA en UK
wat was er in 2014
nieuwe wet, de oude zei dat mensen echt een transitie moeten hebben ondergaan om hun paspoort aan te passen
hoe is nonbinary nu
je kan dit wel aanpassen, maar is een heel gedoe met advocaat etc
