Crocq: How gender dysphoria and incongruence became medical diagnoses - a historical review

Question 1

early descriptions of gender fluidity

Answer 1

ancient Greek and Roman writings (including mythological figures and Roman emperors who demonstrated non-binary or gender-transformative roles).

Question 2

wanneer eerste keer dat transgender experiences gelinkt werden aan mental health

Answer 2

Krafft-Ebing, viewed transgender experiences as extreme forms of “sexual inversion”

Question 3

wanneer distinction sexual orientation and gender identity

Answer 3

Magnus Hirschfeld introduced the concept of transvestism as separate from sexual orientation

Question 4

wanneer kwam de term transgender

Answer 4

in 1970

Question 5

termen in de DSM

Answer 5

1980: transsexualism & gender identity disorder of childhood
1987: adulthood nontranssexual type was added
1994: gender identity disorder
2013: gender dysphoria

Question 6

hoe is de nieuwe dsm code een stap in de goede richting

Answer 6

nu gedefinieerd als “incongruence between gender and assigned sex”, thus separating gender nonconformity from mental health pathology, as it is included as a sexual health condition. this asstempts to ensure transgender individuals retain access to gender-affirming medical care, whilst avoiding stigmatization. but still debate about whether a diagnostic label is necessary or if gender identity should be regarded as a freely chosen, non-medical aspect of personal identity.

Question 7

Ulrichs’ theory of homosexuality (1864)

Answer 7

the male homosexual possesses a female soul in a male body

Question 8

Krafft Ebing on homosexuality

Answer 8

radient of severity from effeminacy and homosexuality to complete sex transmutation; he understood it all as delusional.

dus een soort spectrum van vrouwelijk zijn naar gay zijn naar transgender zijn, en dat zijn volgens hem delusies

Question 9

hirschfield

Answer 9

first to distinguish between sexual orientation and gender identity; used the term “transvestite” to what we would call “transgender” today

Question 10

Havelock Ellis (1859-1939):

Answer 10

disagreed with Hirschfeld’s “transvestism” and proposed “sexoaesthetic inversion”

Question 11

Benjamin

Answer 11

differentiated between transvestite and transsexual; believed that trans women had brains that were feminised in utero -> current research suggests that there is indeed a basis in the brain

Question 12

wanneer veranderde de naam in transgender

Answer 12

in 1970 van transseksueel naar transgender