Lecture 1: Gender Flashcards
TERF=
trans exclusionary radical feminist
gender equality index
van de EU, laat zien wat verschillen tussen mannen en vrouwen zijn in verschillende landen
gender differences in erotic plasticity: the female sex drive as socially flexible and responsive - Baumeister
wat was zijn hypothese en waardoor
women more nurture, men more nature. culture has more influence on the behaviour of women then for men, because when you look at different education levels, the differences are larger for performing and receiving oral sex in women than in men. therefore these culture differences lead to large differences in women:
- performing oral sex: M = 21%, F = 38%
- receiving oral sex: M = 21%, F = 32%
the same goes when you look at religion
hyde’s comment
this is not a good hypothesis, you have more gender differences when it is a conservative group and when there is emancipation (non religious and high educated) you get less gender differences.
welke hypothese heeft Hyde opgesteld
the gender similarities hypothesis
gender similarities hypothesis=
there is gender equality in a biological way, all the differences are caused by society
waar moet je op letten bij een klinische populatie
hier zullen mensen extreem zijn, dus dan kunnen die kleine verschillen wel relevant zijn. dus voor het grootste gedeelte van de populatie kan je niets voorspellen van sexual desire op basis van gender, maar misschien binnen de klinische populaties wel
neuroscience findings that refute sexual dimorphism of the human brain
there are no female or male brains, the brain is a mosaic. whenever you put someone in an MRI scan you cannot tell whether it is a man or a women, there is too much variation
biological neuroendocrinology findings that challenge the notion fo genetically fixed, nonoverlapping, sexually dimorphic hormonal system
testosterone is also in female bodies, and it is the sex hormone for both genders.
psychological findings that highlight the similarities between men and women
the small effect sizes for gender differences found in meta analyses imply large overlap in the distribution of scores for men and women, which challenges the gender binary
bv. mathematics performance: d = -0.02 and 0.06. this is sooooo small, and we think there is a difference in society. but in reality this is not there.
doing gender and being gender
this “doing gender” concept was so powerful that some scholars wondered whether gender was nothing more than a series of stylized acts, a performance. yet transgender and nonbinary individuals remind scholars that the “being gender” concept also has some place in considering gender as a whole.
5 dimensions of gender
- birth assigned gender category
- current gender identity
- gender roles and expectations
- gender social presentation
- gender evaluations
welke concepten van gender horen bij being gender en welke bij doing gender
being gender: current gender identity
doing gender: gender roles and expectations & gender social presentation
us adults: gen z is most likely to be transgender or nonbinary
this proves the point society has a lot to do with this, and nurture plays a large role
implications for clinical practice
women are more depressed than men, which can lead to biases. in hyde’s perspectives, getting rid of the gender binary will get rid of these biases
hyde conclusion
the gender binary should be replaced by a conception of gender/sex that stresses multiplicity and diversity, including:
- a multiple category system
- whose categories are not mutually exclusive (one can identify as more than one)
- fluid (can change over time)
- and allow for the possibility that gender is viewed as irrelevant to the self
wat zei david reilly
gender can be a continuous variable, not just a categorical one. Bern showed that there is a dimension of masculinity and a dimension of femininity, and these are separate. then you can do a questionnaire that shows identity. Hyde proposed a categorical dimension, and he said it is possible to have a continuous dimension
cretella on hyde
more medical paper. important to keep the distinction between sex and gender, because there are biomarkers that show organ tissues are sexually dimorphic at the molecular level, due to sex specific genes and sex differentially expressed genes that are present at fertilization. there are no biomarkers for gender or gender identity because these are heavily socially and psychologically influenced concepts. also needed for medical research to make predictions about medical problems regarding the body. it is good that we have this sex distinction.
gender dysphoria: wat is belangrijk?
distress is important
galupo
qualitative research of transgender experiences.
eerst wilde psychiatrists alleen mensen helpen die homosexueel zijn, want anders zou je post-operatieven ‘homoseksuelen’ maken
wtf
Davy
zei dat diagnosing transpeople niet goed is, en dat het systeem er nu voor zorgt dat mensen zich aanpassen aan wat zij denken dat psychiaters willen horen (bv geen vrouwelijke kanten laten zien)
dick swaab
vond dat hypothalamus groter was in homoseksuele mannen dan in heteroseksuele mannen. dus vond dat homoseksualiteit in het brein zit.
