Lecture 1: Gender

Question 1

TERF=

Answer 1

trans exclusionary radical feminist

Question 2

gender equality index

Answer 2

van de EU, laat zien wat verschillen tussen mannen en vrouwen zijn in verschillende landen

Question 3

gender differences in erotic plasticity: the female sex drive as socially flexible and responsive - Baumeister

wat was zijn hypothese en waardoor

Answer 3

women more nurture, men more nature. culture has more influence on the behaviour of women then for men, because when you look at different education levels, the differences are larger for performing and receiving oral sex in women than in men. therefore these culture differences lead to large differences in women:
- performing oral sex: M = 21%, F = 38%
- receiving oral sex: M = 21%, F = 32%
the same goes when you look at religion

Question 4

hyde’s comment

Answer 4

this is not a good hypothesis, you have more gender differences when it is a conservative group and when there is emancipation (non religious and high educated) you get less gender differences.

Question 5

welke hypothese heeft Hyde opgesteld

Answer 5

the gender similarities hypothesis

Question 6

gender similarities hypothesis=

Answer 6

there is gender equality in a biological way, all the differences are caused by society

Question 7

waar moet je op letten bij een klinische populatie

Answer 7

hier zullen mensen extreem zijn, dus dan kunnen die kleine verschillen wel relevant zijn. dus voor het grootste gedeelte van de populatie kan je niets voorspellen van sexual desire op basis van gender, maar misschien binnen de klinische populaties wel

Question 8

neuroscience findings that refute sexual dimorphism of the human brain

Answer 8

there are no female or male brains, the brain is a mosaic. whenever you put someone in an MRI scan you cannot tell whether it is a man or a women, there is too much variation

Question 9

biological neuroendocrinology findings that challenge the notion fo genetically fixed, nonoverlapping, sexually dimorphic hormonal system

Answer 9

testosterone is also in female bodies, and it is the sex hormone for both genders.

Question 10

psychological findings that highlight the similarities between men and women

Answer 10

the small effect sizes for gender differences found in meta analyses imply large overlap in the distribution of scores for men and women, which challenges the gender binary

bv. mathematics performance: d = -0.02 and 0.06. this is sooooo small, and we think there is a difference in society. but in reality this is not there.

Question 11

doing gender and being gender

Answer 11

this “doing gender” concept was so powerful that some scholars wondered whether gender was nothing more than a series of stylized acts, a performance. yet transgender and nonbinary individuals remind scholars that the “being gender” concept also has some place in considering gender as a whole.

Question 12

5 dimensions of gender

Answer 12

• birth assigned gender category
• current gender identity
• gender roles and expectations
• gender social presentation
• gender evaluations

Question 13

welke concepten van gender horen bij being gender en welke bij doing gender

Answer 13

being gender: current gender identity
doing gender: gender roles and expectations & gender social presentation

Question 14

us adults: gen z is most likely to be transgender or nonbinary

Answer 14

this proves the point society has a lot to do with this, and nurture plays a large role

Question 15

implications for clinical practice

Answer 15

women are more depressed than men, which can lead to biases. in hyde’s perspectives, getting rid of the gender binary will get rid of these biases

Question 16

hyde conclusion

Answer 16

the gender binary should be replaced by a conception of gender/sex that stresses multiplicity and diversity, including:
- a multiple category system
- whose categories are not mutually exclusive (one can identify as more than one)
- fluid (can change over time)
- and allow for the possibility that gender is viewed as irrelevant to the self

Question 17

wat zei david reilly

Answer 17

gender can be a continuous variable, not just a categorical one. Bern showed that there is a dimension of masculinity and a dimension of femininity, and these are separate. then you can do a questionnaire that shows identity. Hyde proposed a categorical dimension, and he said it is possible to have a continuous dimension

Question 18

cretella on hyde

Answer 18

more medical paper. important to keep the distinction between sex and gender, because there are biomarkers that show organ tissues are sexually dimorphic at the molecular level, due to sex specific genes and sex differentially expressed genes that are present at fertilization. there are no biomarkers for gender or gender identity because these are heavily socially and psychologically influenced concepts. also needed for medical research to make predictions about medical problems regarding the body. it is good that we have this sex distinction.

Question 19

gender dysphoria: wat is belangrijk?

Answer 19

distress is important

Question 20

galupo

Answer 20

qualitative research of transgender experiences.

Question 21

eerst wilde psychiatrists alleen mensen helpen die homosexueel zijn, want anders zou je post-operatieven ‘homoseksuelen’ maken

Answer 21

wtf

Question 22

Davy

Answer 22

zei dat diagnosing transpeople niet goed is, en dat het systeem er nu voor zorgt dat mensen zich aanpassen aan wat zij denken dat psychiaters willen horen (bv geen vrouwelijke kanten laten zien)

Question 23

dick swaab

Answer 23

vond dat hypothalamus groter was in homoseksuele mannen dan in heteroseksuele mannen. dus vond dat homoseksualiteit in het brein zit.