Lecture 3 Resp Failure (FYI missed this lecture)

Question 1

Normal PO2 is ___
Normal CO2 is ____
Normal HCO3 is ____
normal pH is ____

Answer 1

80-100;
35-45;
23-27;
7.35-7.45

Question 2

Respiratory failure is due to either a _____ failure or a _____ failure

Answer 2

lung;

pump

Question 3

Gas exchange failure is manifested by _____; ventilatory failure is manifested by _____ and can be due to 3 reasons

Answer 3

hypoxemia;

hypercapnic (aka hypercarbic)-CNS depression, mechanical defect, fatigue

Question 4

hypoxemic respiratory failure is characterized by ____ less than 60 mm Hg. hypercapnic failure is characterized by ____ > 45 mm Hg and a pH less than ____

Answer 4

Pa O2;

PaCO2, 7.35

Question 5

increased deadspace causes what kind of RF? what about a V/Q mismatch?

Answer 5

hypercapnic/hypercarbemic;

hypoxemic

Question 6

with hypoxic/hypoxemic RF, what happens to PaCO2?

what happens to Pa O2 in ventilatory failure?

Answer 6

no change or decreases;

decreases (not as much as hypoxemic)

Question 7

When V/Q = 0, there is a ____ obstruction. This is also called a ____. Does 100% O2 help?

Answer 7

airway; shunt

no

Question 8

When V/Q = infinity, there is ____ obstruction. This is also called ____. Does 100% O2 help?

Answer 8

blood flow;
physiologic dead space;
yes

Question 9

with diffusion abnormalities, there is an increased distance between ___. the alveolar capillary membrane is _____

Answer 9

alveoli, thickened

Question 10

hypoventilation causes a buildup of ____ in the lung, causing ____ respiratory failure

Answer 10

CO2, hypoxemic

Question 11

acute respiratory failure causes a large drop in ____.. Chornic RF causes a decrease in ____ slightly, but increases _____

Answer 11

pH;

pH, HCO3

Question 12

example of cause of acute RF;

what about chronic RF?

Answer 12

pneumonia,

COPD

Question 13

2 neuromuscular causes of hypercapnic RF:

Answer 13

MS, muscular dystrophy

Also probably myasthenia gravis

Question 14

Clinical manifestations of resp failure:

severe ____ headache; late sign is ____; early sign is tachycardia, ____, and mild HTN

Answer 14

morning; cyanosis;

tachypneic

Question 15

hypoxemia and hypoxia causes metabolic ____. there is a ____ in cardiac output and _____ renal function

Answer 15

acidosis;
decrease;
impaired

Question 16

RF clinical manifestations:

____, ____ breathing pattern; sitting ____, and dyspnea. There is also ____ breathing and retractions

Answer 16

rapid, shallow;
upright;

pursed-lip

Question 17

problems of oxygen toxicity:

suppression of _____, leading to increased ___ and narcosis. absorption ____ and premature retrolental ____

Answer 17

ventilation;
CO2;
atelectasia;
fibroplasia

Question 18

Resorption atelectasis (collapse) is due due depletion of blood ____

Answer 18

nitrogen

Question 19

as opposed to natural breathing, mechanical breathing causes _____ inspiratory pressure. Air is ____ into the lungs

Answer 19

positive;

pushed