Lecture 2 Pulm physio

Question 1

respiration is the series of exchanges that leads to the uptake of ____ by cells and the release of ___ to the lungs.

cellular respiration is the use of ____ in _____

Answer 1

O2, CO2;

O2, ATP synthesis

Question 2

Dalton’s law: the total pressure of a mixture of gases is equal to the ____

Answer 2

sum of the individual gas pressures;

ie Patm (760) * % gas in atmosphere = P(gas in atmosphere)

Question 3

fick’s law of diffusion:
3 things that are typically constant and affect rate of diffusion:

1 thing that changes and thus determines diffusion rate

Answer 3

diffusion distance, molecule size, temperature;

pressure gradients

Question 4

boyle’s law:

the pressure and volume of a gas in a system are ____ related

Answer 4

inversely

Question 5

if diaphragm contracts, thoracic cavity volume ___ and the pressure ____. air thus flows ____

Answer 5

increases, decreases, in (ie inspiration)

Question 6

diaphragm is relaxed: thoracic cavity volume ___ and the pressure ____. air thus flows ____

Answer 6

decreases, increase;

out

Question 7

grahm’s law:

for a gas dissolved in a liquid, the rate of diffusion is proportional to its _____ and is inversely proportional to what?

Answer 7

proportional to solubility in liquid;

inversely proportional to square root of molecular mass

Question 8

which is more soluble in water, out of CO2 and O2? Which thus has a greater partial pressure in plasma? Which needs less of a pressure gradient for diffusion?

Answer 8

CO2, CO2, CO2

Question 9

O2 is mostly transported in blood as:

CO2 is transported as:

Answer 9

bound to Hb;

HCO3-

Question 10

the intrapleural pressure is always ____ than the alveolar pressure

Answer 10

lower

Question 11

pulmonary blood vessels ____ when hypoxic.

Answer 11

vasoconstrict

Question 12

Hypoxic vasoconstriction of pulmonary vessels causes blood to be diverted to the “good alveolus”. this causes an ____ in O2 saturation/partial pressure

Answer 12

increase

Question 13

when a person is standing, blood flow is ____ at the base (zone 3) and ____ at the apex (Zone 1). ventilation is greatest at the ____ and lowest at the _____

Answer 13

highest, lowest;

base, apex

Question 14

Normal V/Q ratio is ___. At zone 1 (apex), the V/Q ratio is ____ due to a larger decrease in _____. At zone 3 (base), the V/Q ratio is ____ due to a larger increase in _____.

Answer 14

0.8;
increased, perfusion;

decreased, perfusion;

Question 15

At the gas exchange area, there is a ____ pressure gradient for O2 than CO2. Which diffuses faster? Why?

Answer 15

larger; CO2, better solubility in plasma

Question 16

hypoxia is a decrease in ____.

hypoxemia is a decrease in _____.

Answer 16

O2 delivery to tissue;

decreased partial pressure of O2

Question 17

hypoxia causes synthesis of ____ and production of more _____

Answer 17

EPO, RBCs

Question 18

an increase in ACE-BAT causes a ____ shift of the Hb-O2 dissociation curve

Answer 18

right

Question 19

increase in ACE-BAT causing a right shift:
A =
C = 
E = 
B = 
A= 
T =

Answer 19

A = acid
C = CO2
E = exercise
B = 2,3 BPG (DPG)
A = altitude
T = Temperature

Question 20

a shift to the right of an Hb-O2 saturation curve corresponds with a _____ in affinity of Hb for O2. this causes an increase in ____ of O2 from arterial blood to peripheral tissues

Answer 20

decrease, unloading

Question 21

2,3-DPG is increased during chronic _____ ( ie at high ____). this ____ the binding affinity of O2 for Hb

Answer 21

hypoxia, altitude;

lowers

Question 22

diffusion capacity ____ during exercise due to :
increase in number of _____ participating in diffusion, _____ of alveoli and capillaries, ____ the diffusion distance;
improved V/Q ratio in the ____ of the lungs due to increased ____ to the area

Answer 22

increases;
capillaries;
dilation;
lowering;

apex, blood flow

Question 23

A-a gradient refers to the difference in what?

Answer 23

Alveolar O2 (PA) - arterial O2 (Pa)

Question 24

normal A-a gradient causes of hypoxemia: (2)

Answer 24

high altitude, hypoventilation

Question 25

Increased A-a gradient causes of hypoxemia: (3)

Answer 25

V/Q mismatch, diffusion limitation, R to L shunt

Question 26

a decrease in cardiac output causes (hypoxia/hypoxemia);

anemia causes (hypoxia/hypoxemia)

Answer 26

hypoxia, hypoxia (CO and CN poisining also causes hypoxia)

Question 27

3 forms that CO2 is transported in the blood

Answer 27

HCO3- (majority), Carboxyaminohemoglobin, Dissolved

Question 28

Haldane effect: increase in the concentration of ____ will displace ____ from Hb

Answer 28

CO2, O2 (and vice versa)

Question 29

Haldane effect:

thus, if too much O2 is given to a patient with COPD, there is an increase in plasma ____ and ____ can occur

Answer 29

CO2;

acidosis

Question 30

what is anatomic dead space? what is physiologic dead space?

normally, how do they relate?

Answer 30

anatomic = volume of air present in conducting airways

physiologic = volume of lung which doesn’t participate in gas exchange (ie not perfused)

normally physiologic = anatomic

Question 31

compliance is a measure of ______ and is equal to ____ divided by change in ____. what is the opposite of compliance?

Answer 31

distensibility;
volume, change in pressure;

elastance

Question 32

what is the V/Q ratio in airway obstruction?

what is the V/Q ratio in blood flow obstruction (ie pulmonary embolus)?

Answer 32

O;

infinity

Question 33

The _____ center is located in the lower pons and _____ inspiration

Answer 33

apneustic;

stimulates

Question 34

The ____ center is located in the upper pons and _____ inspiration

Answer 34

pneumotaxic;

inhibits

Question 35

the central chemoreceptors are located in the _____. THey are sensitive to changes in ___ and ____ of CSF

Answer 35

medulla;

pH, CO2

Question 36

The peripheral chemoreceptors are located:

They are sensitive to changes in what?

Answer 36

carotid and aortic bodies;

changes in pH, CO2, and O2

Question 37

the chemoreceptors in general are most responsive to changes in ____

Answer 37

CO2