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Anatomy Exam 1: Lectures 1-7 > Lecture 3: Bones, Bone Development, and Joints > Flashcards

Lecture 3: Bones, Bone Development, and Joints Flashcards

1
Q

Describe diaphysis of long bones

A

(shaft)Elongated and may have medullary cavity

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2
Q

Describe the epiphyses of long bones

A

(ends) separated from diaphysis by a growth plate (epiphyseal plate)

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3
Q

describe the periosteum of long bones

A

outer fibrous connective tissue covering bone, continuous with connective tissue coverings of muscles, tendons, ligaments

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4
Q

describe the endosteum of long bones

A

medullary cavity, delicate connective tissue

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5
Q

Does long bone have a blood supply?

A

yes

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6
Q

What type of cartilage does long bones have?

A

articular cartilage

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7
Q

What are short bones?

A

cubed shaped or round and exemplified by carpals and tarsals

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8
Q

What are flat bones?

A

certain skull bones, ribs, sternum, scapulae

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9
Q

What are irregular bones?

A

vertebrae and facial bones

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10
Q

What are sesamoid bones?

A

found where tendons cross the ends of long bones in the limbs, they can also change the angle fo tendon insertion to give greater mechanical advantage

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11
Q

What is a fissure?

A

a narrow, cleft-like opening between adjacent parts of bones through which blood vessels and nerves pass.

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12
Q

What is a foramen?

A

a hole through a bone or through the wall of a bone into the medullary cavity through which pass vessels and nerves.

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13
Q

What is a canal?

A

a foramen with some length and an orifice at each end.

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14
Q

What is a meatus?

A

tube-like passageway running within a bone with an orifice at only one end.

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15
Q

What is a paranasal sinus?

A

air filled cavity within a bone connected to the nasal cavity

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16
Q

What is a groove (sulcus)?

A

furrow or depression that accommodates a soft structure such as a blood vessel, nerve, or tendon

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17
Q

What is a fossa?

A

depression in or on a bone

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18
Q

What is a fovea?

A

little pit

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19
Q

What is a condyle?

A

large, rounded articular prominence

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20
Q

What is a head?

A

rounded articular projection supported on a constricted portion

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21
Q

What is a facet?

A

smooth, flat surface

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22
Q

What is a process?

A

prominent projection

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23
Q

What is a tubercle?

A

small, rounded process

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24
Q

What is a tuberosity?

A

large, rounded, usually roughened process

25
What is a trochanter?
large, blunt projections; found only on the femur
26
What is a crest?
prominent border or ridge
27
What is a spine?
very high ridge
28
What is a line?
less prominent ridge than a crest
29
What is a spinous process?
sharp, slender proces
30
What is an epicondyle?
prominence proximal to condyle
31
What is an angle?
where the main part of a bone and a process are joined at different angles to each other
32
What is a rams?
branch off the body (beyond the angle)
33
What is a lingula?
flat tongue-shaped process
34
What is a hamulus?
Hook shaped process
35
What is a Cornu?
horned shaped process
36
What is the process of membrane bone formation?
Bone is laid down in a fibrous (collagen) connective tissue matrix Osteoblasts use collagen fibers as framework to deposit bone matrix Bone formed within the original mesenchyme has a spongy texture Periosteum may form on either side of spongy bone Periosteum will lay down layers of compact bone on top of the spongy bone Membrane bone formation is generally found in those bones that form the walls of cavities such as the bones of the cranial vault Membrane bones do not form complex articulations and surfaces for tendons and ligaments Membrane bones can grow appositionally both in thickness and diameter
37
What is the process of endochondral bone formation?
Primary ossification centers occurs in future diaphysis of cartilage model Chondrocytes become hypertrophic Chondrocytes secrete vascular endothelial growth factor Blood vessels break through perichondrium, bringing in osteoprogenitor cells Hypertrophic cartilage cells undergo apoptosis, leaving behind thin strands of calcified matrix Osteoblasts use calcified strands as substrates for deposition of osteio Osteoid is calcified
38
Where does endochondral bone formation occur?
hyaline cartilage model
39
During endochondral bone formation, what happens to cartilage?
it is replaced by bone
40
What is the definition of a joint?
Where two bones come together
41
What are the classifications of joints
cartilaginous, fibrous, synovial
42
What is a cartilaginous joint?
Also called a amphiarthrosis, bones are joined by hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage
43
What are the types of a cartilaginous joints?
symphysis and synchondrosis
44
What is a symphysis?
held together by fibrocartilage, very little movement allowed, examples: pubic symphysis, intervertebral discs
45
What is a synchondrosis?
formed of hyaline cartilage and holds two bones in close proximity Example: epiphyseal plate, first sternocostal joint
46
What is a fibrous joint?
joined by collagenous and/or elastic fibrous tissue
47
What are the types of fibrous joints?
suture, gomphosis, syndesmosis
48
What is a suture?
Irregular shaped edges that interlock, with fibrous membrane that holds bones together The fibrous joining material may be replaced by bone, forming a synostosis Example: joints between the bones of the calvaria (skull cap)
49
What is a gomphosis?
Peg and socket type joint | Example: joint between a tooth and its socket
50
What is a syndesmosis?
Two bones held together by fibrous membrane, called an interosseous membrane Membranes limit some movement but may allow considerable movement in a different place Membranes may also supply additional surface area for muscle attachment example: interosseous membrane between the ulna and radius and between tibia and fibula
51
What are the types of synovial joints?
uniaxial, biaxial, triaxial and non axial
52
What are uniaxial joints?
Move through one plane around one axis Ligaments located along lateral and medial edges (collateral ligaments) examples: hinge joints (elbow), interphalangeal joints (pivot joints)
53
What are the biaxial joints?
Permit movement in two planes around two axes Allow for abduction/adduction and extension/flexion Ellipsoid (condyloid joint) example: metacarpal-phalangeal joint Saddle joint example: first carpometacarpal joint
54
What are triaxial joints?
Movement capable in all there planes around all three axes Movement allowed include extension/flexion, abduction/adduction, medial/lateral rotation Circumduction is also permitted exampled: ball and socket joint (glenohermoral and acetabulofemoral)
55
What are non axial joints?
Two relatively flat surfaces which slide over one another | example: joints between many of the carpal elements
56
What is the synostosis joint?
- Fusion of epiphysis to the diaphysis is and example of a synostosis joint - Happens in synchondrosis and suture joints when material eventual fuses together and becomes bone
57
what is a cartilaginous joint?
slightly movable and joining material is hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage
58
What is a fibrous joint?
is not very movable and joining tissue forms
59
What are the pats of the synovial joint?
- cavity - capsule - ligaments - sharpey's fibers - synovial fluid - blood supply and innervation - close packed and loosed packed positions

Anatomy Exam 1: Lectures 1-7 (9 decks)

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