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Anatomy Exam 1: Lectures 1-7 > Lecture 3: Bones, Bone Development, and Joints > Flashcards

Lecture 3: Bones, Bone Development, and Joints Flashcards

1
Q

Describe diaphysis of long bones

A

(shaft)Elongated and may have medullary cavity

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2
Q

Describe the epiphyses of long bones

A

(ends) separated from diaphysis by a growth plate (epiphyseal plate)

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3
Q

describe the periosteum of long bones

A

outer fibrous connective tissue covering bone, continuous with connective tissue coverings of muscles, tendons, ligaments

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4
Q

describe the endosteum of long bones

A

medullary cavity, delicate connective tissue

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5
Q

Does long bone have a blood supply?

A

yes

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6
Q

What type of cartilage does long bones have?

A

articular cartilage

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7
Q

What are short bones?

A

cubed shaped or round and exemplified by carpals and tarsals

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8
Q

What are flat bones?

A

certain skull bones, ribs, sternum, scapulae

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9
Q

What are irregular bones?

A

vertebrae and facial bones

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10
Q

What are sesamoid bones?

A

found where tendons cross the ends of long bones in the limbs, they can also change the angle fo tendon insertion to give greater mechanical advantage

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11
Q

What is a fissure?

A

a narrow, cleft-like opening between adjacent parts of bones through which blood vessels and nerves pass.

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12
Q

What is a foramen?

A

a hole through a bone or through the wall of a bone into the medullary cavity through which pass vessels and nerves.

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13
Q

What is a canal?

A

a foramen with some length and an orifice at each end.

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14
Q

What is a meatus?

A

tube-like passageway running within a bone with an orifice at only one end.

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15
Q

What is a paranasal sinus?

A

air filled cavity within a bone connected to the nasal cavity

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16
Q

What is a groove (sulcus)?

A

furrow or depression that accommodates a soft structure such as a blood vessel, nerve, or tendon

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17
Q

What is a fossa?

A

depression in or on a bone

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18
Q

What is a fovea?

A

little pit

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19
Q

What is a condyle?

A

large, rounded articular prominence

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20
Q

What is a head?

A

rounded articular projection supported on a constricted portion

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21
Q

What is a facet?

A

smooth, flat surface

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22
Q

What is a process?

A

prominent projection

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23
Q

What is a tubercle?

A

small, rounded process

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24
Q

What is a tuberosity?

A

large, rounded, usually roughened process

25
Q

What is a trochanter?

A

large, blunt projections; found only on the femur

26
Q

What is a crest?

A

prominent border or ridge

27
Q

What is a spine?

A

very high ridge

28
Q

What is a line?

A

less prominent ridge than a crest

29
Q

What is a spinous process?

A

sharp, slender proces

30
Q

What is an epicondyle?

A

prominence proximal to condyle

31
Q

What is an angle?

A

where the main part of a bone and a process are joined at different angles to each other

32
Q

What is a rams?

A

branch off the body (beyond the angle)

33
Q

What is a lingula?

A

flat tongue-shaped process

34
Q

What is a hamulus?

A

Hook shaped process

35
Q

What is a Cornu?

A

horned shaped process

36
Q

What is the process of membrane bone formation?

A

Bone is laid down in a fibrous (collagen) connective tissue matrix
Osteoblasts use collagen fibers as framework to deposit bone matrix
Bone formed within the original mesenchyme has a spongy texture
Periosteum may form on either side of spongy bone
Periosteum will lay down layers of compact bone on top of the spongy bone
Membrane bone formation is generally found in those bones that form the walls of cavities such as the bones of the cranial vault
Membrane bones do not form complex articulations and surfaces for tendons and ligaments
Membrane bones can grow appositionally both in thickness and diameter

37
Q

What is the process of endochondral bone formation?

A

Primary ossification centers occurs in future diaphysis of cartilage model
Chondrocytes become hypertrophic
Chondrocytes secrete vascular endothelial growth factor
Blood vessels break through perichondrium, bringing in osteoprogenitor cells
Hypertrophic cartilage cells undergo apoptosis, leaving behind thin strands of calcified matrix
Osteoblasts use calcified strands as substrates for deposition of osteio
Osteoid is calcified

38
Q

Where does endochondral bone formation occur?

A

hyaline cartilage model

39
Q

During endochondral bone formation, what happens to cartilage?

A

it is replaced by bone

40
Q

What is the definition of a joint?

A

Where two bones come together

41
Q

What are the classifications of joints

A

cartilaginous, fibrous, synovial

42
Q

What is a cartilaginous joint?

A

Also called a amphiarthrosis, bones are joined by hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage

43
Q

What are the types of a cartilaginous joints?

A

symphysis and synchondrosis

44
Q

What is a symphysis?

A

held together by fibrocartilage, very little movement allowed, examples: pubic symphysis, intervertebral discs

45
Q

What is a synchondrosis?

A

formed of hyaline cartilage and holds two bones in close proximity
Example: epiphyseal plate, first sternocostal joint

46
Q

What is a fibrous joint?

A

joined by collagenous and/or elastic fibrous tissue

47
Q

What are the types of fibrous joints?

A

suture, gomphosis, syndesmosis

48
Q

What is a suture?

A

Irregular shaped edges that interlock, with fibrous membrane that holds bones together
The fibrous joining material may be replaced by bone, forming a synostosis
Example: joints between the bones of the calvaria (skull cap)

49
Q

What is a gomphosis?

A

Peg and socket type joint

Example: joint between a tooth and its socket

50
Q

What is a syndesmosis?

A

Two bones held together by fibrous membrane, called an interosseous membrane
Membranes limit some movement but may allow considerable movement in a different place
Membranes may also supply additional surface area for muscle attachment
example: interosseous membrane between the ulna and radius and between tibia and fibula

51
Q

What are the types of synovial joints?

A

uniaxial, biaxial, triaxial and non axial

52
Q

What are uniaxial joints?

A

Move through one plane around one axis
Ligaments located along lateral and medial edges (collateral ligaments)
examples: hinge joints (elbow), interphalangeal joints (pivot joints)

53
Q

What are the biaxial joints?

A

Permit movement in two planes around two axes
Allow for abduction/adduction and extension/flexion
Ellipsoid (condyloid joint) example: metacarpal-phalangeal joint
Saddle joint example: first carpometacarpal joint

54
Q

What are triaxial joints?

A

Movement capable in all there planes around all three axes
Movement allowed include extension/flexion, abduction/adduction, medial/lateral rotation
Circumduction is also permitted
exampled: ball and socket joint (glenohermoral and acetabulofemoral)

55
Q

What are non axial joints?

A

Two relatively flat surfaces which slide over one another

example: joints between many of the carpal elements

56
Q

What is the synostosis joint?

A
  • Fusion of epiphysis to the diaphysis is and example of a synostosis joint
  • Happens in synchondrosis and suture joints when material eventual fuses together and becomes bone
57
Q

what is a cartilaginous joint?

A

slightly movable and joining material is hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage

58
Q

What is a fibrous joint?

A

is not very movable and joining tissue forms

59
Q

What are the pats of the synovial joint?

A
  • cavity
  • capsule
  • ligaments
  • sharpey’s fibers
  • synovial fluid
  • blood supply and innervation
  • close packed and loosed packed positions

Anatomy Exam 1: Lectures 1-7 (9 decks)

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