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Anatomy Exam 1: Lectures 1-7 > Lecture 1: Anatomical Orientation, Integument and Epithelium > Flashcards

Lecture 1: Anatomical Orientation, Integument and Epithelium Flashcards

1
Q

What is anatomical position?

A

Standing erect, palms supinated, toes directed forward

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2
Q

What is crania-caudal (vertical) axis?

A

axis of rotation for medial and lateral rotation

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3
Q

What is anterior-posterior (dorsal-ventral) axis?

A

axis of rotation for abduction and adduction

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4
Q

What is left-right (transverse) axis?

A

axis of rotation for flexion and extension

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5
Q

What is median (sagittal) plane?

A

cranio-caudal axis and anterior-posterior axis

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6
Q

What is frontal (cronal) plane?

A

crania-caudal axis and left-right axis

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7
Q

What is transverse (cross-section) plane?

A

anterior-posterior and left-right axis

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8
Q

Reasons for learning surface anatomy

A
  • auscultation
  • palpation
  • bony landmarks
  • dermatomes (neural assessment)
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9
Q

What is the histology of the integument?

A

The integument is the largest organ of the body and is the end of you and the beginning of the rest of the world

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10
Q

What does the integument consist of?

A

epidermis, basement membrane, and dermis

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11
Q

Characteristics of epidermis

A
  • 4-5 cell layers
  • stratum basale is deepest layer
  • innervated
  • avascular
  • Stratum corundum is the most superficial layer: cells are dead and keratinized
  • Layers in-between transition to the dead keratinized cells
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12
Q

Characteristics of dermis

A
  • dense irregular connective tissue
  • abundance of collagen fibers
  • Some elastic fibers
  • Vascularized
  • Two layers: papillary and reticular
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13
Q

Papillary of dermis

A

loose CT, operated from epidermis by basal lamina, network of fine elastic fibers and abundant capillaries

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14
Q

Reticular layer of dermis

A

dense irregular CT, includes fibrocytes, macrophages and adipocytes

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15
Q

What is thick skin?

A

layer of epidermis well formed, found on palms of hands and soles of feet, 0.4-0.6 mm thick, no hair follicles

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16
Q

What is thin skin?

A

found on rest of body (besides on palms and soles) , 0.075-0.150 mm thick

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17
Q

What is superficial fascia?

A
  • Variety of names: subcutaneous fascia, superficial fascia, hypodermis, subQ
  • Consists of: loose bundles of collagen and elastic fibers with variable sized aggregations of lipocytes
  • May be loosely or tightly attached
  • Supports cutaneous nerves and blood vessels
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18
Q

What is deep fascia?

A
  • Names: membranous fascia and investing fascia
  • Usually several thin layers of tough collagen material
  • Tightly adherent to muscles, bones, tendons, etc.
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19
Q

What is a gland?

A

An epithelial structure and can be exocrine or endocrine

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20
Q

What is a sudoriferous gland?

A

long, simple, tubular glands

Method of secretion is merocrine or apocrine

21
Q

What is merocrine?

A

secretion is thin and watery

Secretory cell is not damaged in the process of secretion

22
Q

what is apocrine?

A
  • Found in labia majora, areola, and axillary and anal regions
  • Secretions are thicker and more viscous than merocrine types
  • Execratory duct opens into hair follicle
  • Adrenergic innervation
  • Inactive until puberty
  • Special types: ceruminous glands, glands of moll
23
Q

What are sebaceous glands?

A
  • Are holocrine: secretion thick and secretory cell is destroyed in the process of secretion
  • Sebaceous glands are associated with hair follicles
24
Q

What are ceruminous glands?

A

located in the external auditory canal, secrete ear wax

25
Q

What are mammary glands?

A

-modified swear glands
-Method of secretion is both merocrine and apocrine
-Protein components released via merocrine
-lipid components are related via apocrine
-Secretion is thick
-Apical end of cell is lost as -part of the secretion
Basal part of the cell regenerates

26
Q

What is hair?

A
  • Shaft made up of dead cornfield epidermal cells
  • Follicle derived from both epidermis and dermis
  • Dermal papilla with matrix, arrector pili muscle, sebaceous glands, hair bulb and connective tissue papilla
  • Hair follicles are innervated, serve as sensory receptors
27
Q

What is the ungis of a nail?

A

Modified stratum corneum
Flattened
Avascular and not innervated
Travels over a nail bed guided by lateral nail grooves

28
Q

What is the matrix of a nail?

A

Stratum germinative produces ungis

29
Q

What is the subungis?

A

beneath the ungis

30
Q

What are the components of a nail?

A

ungis, matrix, subungis

31
Q

What is a melanocyte?

A

found in deep layers of epidermis
Derived from nervous system components
Form melanosomes: passed off to keratinocytes and phagocytize by them

32
Q

What are langerhans cells?

A
  • Dendritic cells
  • Derived from monocytes, antigen presenting cells
  • Primarily in stratum spinous
  • Migrate from epidermis to lymph nods
  • Birbeck granules: contain proteins involved in the uptake of delivery of antigens
33
Q

What are Merkel cells?

A
  • Mechanoreceptors
  • May also act as diffuse neuroendocrine cells
  • Usually in stratum germinativum
  • Contain catecholamine-like granules
34
Q

What are Langer’s lines?

A
  • Represent tension lines created by orientation of collagen fibers in the dermis of the skin
  • Used by surgeons as guide for incisions
35
Q

What is a dermatome?

A

specific region of skin innervated by a specific spinal cord level

36
Q

Characteristics of epithelial tissues

A

-Relatively uniform geometric shape when viewed from the side
-Highly bound together (held together to form tissues by highly specialized molecule complexes that form tight junctions)
-Relatively litter intercellular matrix
-Free surfaces
-Do not contain blood vessels
-May be innervated
-Line body cavities and cover body surfaces
form secretory and excretory parts of glands
-Cells exhibit polarity
- sit on top of basement membrane

37
Q

What are apical domains?

A

surfaces of the cells that are in contact with a lumen or external environment

38
Q

What are basolateral domains?

A

surfaces of cells that are locked together by special junctional complexes with neighboring cells as well as the surface of the opposite the apical domain that is contact with the basal lamina

39
Q

What is the basal lamina?

A

next to epithelial layer, 50-80 nm thick

40
Q

What is the reticular lamina?

A

in contact with underlying connective tissue?

41
Q

What is the basement membrane?

A

Selective filtration barrier
Scaffold for embryogenesis and regneration
Stabilization of tissue shapes

42
Q

What are the two components of the basement membrane?

A

basal and reticular lamina

43
Q

What is a single cell layer called?

A

simple

44
Q

What is a multiple cell layer called?

A

stratified

45
Q

What is a squamous shape?

A

flattened

46
Q

What is a cuboidal shape?

A

height approximately equal to width

47
Q

What is a columnar shape?

A

height greater than width?

48
Q

What is pseudo stratified shape?

A

simple epithelial that appears to be stratified, but all cells are in contact with the basal lamina

49
Q

What can be used to classify epithelium?

A

shape, number of cell layers, surface modifications (cilia, microvilli), presence or absence of keratin

Anatomy Exam 1: Lectures 1-7 (9 decks)

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