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Anatomy Exam 1: Lectures 1-7 > Lecture 2: Connective Tissues, Cartilage, and Bone > Flashcards

Lecture 2: Connective Tissues, Cartilage, and Bone Flashcards

1
Q

Definition of connective tissue

A

what is left over after everything else (epithelia, muscle, and nervous tissue) is removed

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2
Q

Characteristics of connective tissue

A
  • Found in every system except CNS
  • Relatively few cells
  • Abundant matrix
  • Varying amounts of protein fibers
  • Classified on the basis of the type of matrix, fiber density, and fiber organization
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3
Q

Function of connective tissue

A
  • Physically sports other tissues
  • Binds other tissue together
  • Provides structural framework and opposes gravity
  • Helps to create body contours
  • Houses specialized tissues (blood forming tissue and lymphoid tissue)
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4
Q

What are the three major components of connective tissue?

A

Cells, protein fibers, amorphous non cellular materials

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5
Q

What do cells do in connective tissue?

A

involved in matrix formation and maintenance

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6
Q

What protein fibers are in connective tissue?

A

collagen, elastic, reticular

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7
Q

What amorphous non-cellular materials are in connective tissue?

A
  • glycosaminoglycans
  • glycoproteins
  • chondroitin sulfate (cartilage)
  • hydroxyapatite (bone)
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8
Q

Location of embryonic connective tissue

A

umbilical cord and pulp of developing teeth

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9
Q

Name of embryonic connective tissue in umbilical cord

A

Wharton’s jelly

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10
Q

What is embryonic connective tissue composed of?

A

some collagen and elastic fibers but mostly an abundance of extracellular matrix

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11
Q

What is white fat?

A

Distributed throughout the body, unilocular- one big lipid droplet

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12
Q

Brown fat

A
  • multiocular: multiple lipid droplets
  • slightly more cytoplasm
  • abundant mitochondria(gives color)
  • used for heat production
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13
Q

What are the most common cells in connective tissue?

A

fibrocytes and fibroblasts

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14
Q

What is the connective tissue matrix composed of?

A

protein fibers and ground substance

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15
Q

Most abundant fiber in connective tissue?

A

collagen fibers

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16
Q

What is ground substance mostly composed of?

A

glycosaminoglycans and glycoproteins

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17
Q

What are glycosaminoglycans (GAGs)?

A

large, negatively charge linear polymers consisting of repeated disaccharide units

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18
Q

Why are all GAGs (besides hyaluronic acid) covalently linked to protein?

A

to form proteoglycans

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19
Q

What are the four groups of GAGs?

A

Hyaluronic acid
heparin and heparan sulfate
chondroitin sulfate and dermatan sulfate
keratin sulfate

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20
Q

What is the largest GAG?

A

hyaluronic acid

21
Q

What GAG lacks a sulfate group?

A

hyaluronic acid

22
Q

What is hyaluronic acid present in?

A 
nearly all connective tissue
cartilage
skin
vitreous body of eye
synovial fluid
Wharton's jelly
23
Q

Where is heparin and heparan sulfate located?

A 
basement membrane
skin
lung
liver
blood vessels
mast cell granules
24
Q

What is the most abundant sulfated GAG?

A

chondroitin sulfate and dermatan sulfate

25
Q

Where is chondroitin sulfate and dermatan sulfate found?

A 
cartilage 
bone
skin
blood vessels
heart valves
cornea
26
Q

Where is type I keratan sulfate found?

A

cornea

27
Q

Where is type II keratan sulfate found?

A

cartilage and nucleus pulposus of intervertebral discs

28
Q

Types of glycoproteins

A

condronectic

laminin

29
Q

What is chondronectic?

A

isolate from cartilage

promotes adhesion of mature chondrocytes to collagenous substrates

30
Q

What is laminin?

A

found in basal laminae
involved in attachment of epithelial cells to the lamina propria
noncallagenous glycoprotein

31
Q

Three types of cartilage

A

hyaline, elastic, fibrocartilage

32
Q

Location of hyaline cartilage

A

ears, nose, movable joint surfaces

33
Q

Location of elastic cartilage

A

parts of larynx

34
Q

location of fibrocartilage

A

less moveable joints and intervertebral discs

35
Q

What is the perichondrium?

A

Outer membrane surrounding cartilage

36
Q

What is the perichondrium composed of?

A

outer fibrous layer and inner condrogenic layer

37
Q

What does the outer fibrous layer of perichondrium contain?

A

fibroblasts

38
Q

What does the inner chondrogenic layer of perichondrium give rise to?

A

chondroblasts, which become chondrocytes

39
Q

What are chondrocytes involved in?

A

the production of the collagen and proteoglycans in the matrix

40
Q

What are the components of the cartilage structure?

A

perichondrium, isogenous groups, matrix

41
Q

Structure of hyaline cartilage

A 
ears, nose, moveable joint surfaces
Most common type of cartilage 
Avascular 
Contains type II collagen fibers
translucent, bluish gray to white
Solid but flexible 
Chondrocytes often found in cell groups 
Growth patterns: appositional and interstitial 
Location
External auditory meatus
ears, nose, movable joint surfaces
Larnyx
Tracheal cartilages 
Bronchial cartilages
Fetal long bones
Articular end of bones 
Mostly support cartilage 
Associated with highly movable joints
Cartilage tends to develop in regions of low oxygen
42
Q

Characteristics of elastic cartilage

A

Parts of larynx, auricle (pinna) of ear, epiglottis
Specialized by the addition of elastic fibers in the matrix
Surrounded by perichondrium
Yellow color because of presence of elastic fibers
More opaque, flexible, and elastic than hyaline cartilage
Chondrocytes mostly located singly
Type II colagen plus elastic fibers

43
Q

Characteristics of fibrocartilage

A

Less movable joins and intervertebral discs
Increased collagen in the matrix
Reduced cellularity compared to hyaline cartilage
Not surrounded by perichondrium
Opaque appearance from fibrous texture
Type I collagen
Single sparse chondrocytes
Fibrocartilage location
Intervertebral discs
Pubic symphysis
Insertion of some tendons and ligaments
Closely associated with dense connective tissue or hyaline cartilage
Fibro elastic cartilage is found in parts of the larynx

44
Q

Major components of bone matrix

A
  • Organic component referred to as osteoid

- Inorganic component referred to as hydroxyapatite which makes up 35 to 65 percent of the matrix

45
Q

What are the three types of bone tissue

A

woven bone, spongy bone, compact bone

46
Q

What is woven bone?

A

Occurs during bone development and bone repair
Produced rapidly
Haphazard collagen foundation
Less structural integrity

47
Q

What is spongy bone?

A

Called trabecular or cancellous bone
Has 3D lattice of branching, bony spicules intertwined to form trabeculae surrounding the bone marrow paces in the long bones and flat bones

48
Q

What is compact bone?

A

Also called lamellar bones
Bone matrix organized into layers call laminae
Layers may be flattened and parallel
Layers may be concentric and parallel around a central canal (haversian canal)

Anatomy Exam 1: Lectures 1-7 (9 decks)

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