Lecture 2: Connective Tissues, Cartilage, and Bone

Question 1

Definition of connective tissue

Answer 1

what is left over after everything else (epithelia, muscle, and nervous tissue) is removed

Question 2

Characteristics of connective tissue

Answer 2

• Found in every system except CNS
• Relatively few cells
• Abundant matrix
• Varying amounts of protein fibers
• Classified on the basis of the type of matrix, fiber density, and fiber organization

Question 3

Function of connective tissue

Answer 3

• Physically sports other tissues
• Binds other tissue together
• Provides structural framework and opposes gravity
• Helps to create body contours
• Houses specialized tissues (blood forming tissue and lymphoid tissue)

Question 4

What are the three major components of connective tissue?

Answer 4

Cells, protein fibers, amorphous non cellular materials

Question 5

What do cells do in connective tissue?

Answer 5

involved in matrix formation and maintenance

Question 6

What protein fibers are in connective tissue?

Answer 6

collagen, elastic, reticular

Question 7

What amorphous non-cellular materials are in connective tissue?

Answer 7

• glycosaminoglycans
• glycoproteins
• chondroitin sulfate (cartilage)
• hydroxyapatite (bone)

Question 8

Location of embryonic connective tissue

Answer 8

umbilical cord and pulp of developing teeth

Question 9

Name of embryonic connective tissue in umbilical cord

Answer 9

Wharton’s jelly

Question 10

What is embryonic connective tissue composed of?

Answer 10

some collagen and elastic fibers but mostly an abundance of extracellular matrix

Question 11

What is white fat?

Answer 11

Distributed throughout the body, unilocular- one big lipid droplet

Question 12

Brown fat

Answer 12

• multiocular: multiple lipid droplets
• slightly more cytoplasm
• abundant mitochondria(gives color)
• used for heat production

Question 13

What are the most common cells in connective tissue?

Answer 13

fibrocytes and fibroblasts

Question 14

What is the connective tissue matrix composed of?

Answer 14

protein fibers and ground substance

Question 15

Most abundant fiber in connective tissue?

Answer 15

collagen fibers

Question 16

What is ground substance mostly composed of?

Answer 16

glycosaminoglycans and glycoproteins

Question 17

What are glycosaminoglycans (GAGs)?

Answer 17

large, negatively charge linear polymers consisting of repeated disaccharide units

Question 18

Why are all GAGs (besides hyaluronic acid) covalently linked to protein?

Answer 18

to form proteoglycans

Question 19

What are the four groups of GAGs?

Answer 19

Hyaluronic acid
heparin and heparan sulfate
chondroitin sulfate and dermatan sulfate
keratin sulfate

Question 20

What is the largest GAG?

Answer 20

hyaluronic acid

Question 21

What GAG lacks a sulfate group?

Answer 21

hyaluronic acid

Question 22

What is hyaluronic acid present in?

Answer 22

nearly all connective tissue
cartilage
skin
vitreous body of eye
synovial fluid
Wharton's jelly

Question 23

Where is heparin and heparan sulfate located?

Answer 23

basement membrane
skin
lung
liver
blood vessels
mast cell granules

Question 24

What is the most abundant sulfated GAG?

Answer 24

chondroitin sulfate and dermatan sulfate

Question 25

Where is chondroitin sulfate and dermatan sulfate found?

Answer 25

``` cartilage bone skin blood vessels heart valves cornea ```

Question 26

Where is type I keratan sulfate found?

Answer 26

cornea

Question 27

Where is type II keratan sulfate found?

Answer 27

cartilage and nucleus pulposus of intervertebral discs

Question 28

Types of glycoproteins

Answer 28

condronectic | laminin

Question 29

What is chondronectic?

Answer 29

isolate from cartilage | promotes adhesion of mature chondrocytes to collagenous substrates

Question 30

What is laminin?

Answer 30

found in basal laminae involved in attachment of epithelial cells to the lamina propria noncallagenous glycoprotein

Question 31

Three types of cartilage

Answer 31

hyaline, elastic, fibrocartilage

Question 32

Location of hyaline cartilage

Answer 32

ears, nose, movable joint surfaces

Question 33

Location of elastic cartilage

Answer 33

parts of larynx

Question 34

location of fibrocartilage

Answer 34

less moveable joints and intervertebral discs

Question 35

What is the perichondrium?

Answer 35

Outer membrane surrounding cartilage

Question 36

What is the perichondrium composed of?

Answer 36

outer fibrous layer and inner condrogenic layer

Question 37

What does the outer fibrous layer of perichondrium contain?

Answer 37

fibroblasts

Question 38

What does the inner chondrogenic layer of perichondrium give rise to?

Answer 38

chondroblasts, which become chondrocytes

Question 39

What are chondrocytes involved in?

Answer 39

the production of the collagen and proteoglycans in the matrix

Question 40

What are the components of the cartilage structure?

Answer 40

perichondrium, isogenous groups, matrix

Question 41

Structure of hyaline cartilage

Answer 41

``` ears, nose, moveable joint surfaces Most common type of cartilage Avascular Contains type II collagen fibers translucent, bluish gray to white Solid but flexible Chondrocytes often found in cell groups Growth patterns: appositional and interstitial Location External auditory meatus ears, nose, movable joint surfaces Larnyx Tracheal cartilages Bronchial cartilages Fetal long bones Articular end of bones Mostly support cartilage Associated with highly movable joints Cartilage tends to develop in regions of low oxygen ```

Question 42

Characteristics of elastic cartilage

Answer 42

Parts of larynx, auricle (pinna) of ear, epiglottis Specialized by the addition of elastic fibers in the matrix Surrounded by perichondrium Yellow color because of presence of elastic fibers More opaque, flexible, and elastic than hyaline cartilage Chondrocytes mostly located singly Type II colagen plus elastic fibers

Question 43

Characteristics of fibrocartilage

Answer 43

Less movable joins and intervertebral discs Increased collagen in the matrix Reduced cellularity compared to hyaline cartilage Not surrounded by perichondrium Opaque appearance from fibrous texture Type I collagen Single sparse chondrocytes Fibrocartilage location Intervertebral discs Pubic symphysis Insertion of some tendons and ligaments Closely associated with dense connective tissue or hyaline cartilage Fibro elastic cartilage is found in parts of the larynx

Question 44

Major components of bone matrix

Answer 44

- Organic component referred to as osteoid | - Inorganic component referred to as hydroxyapatite which makes up 35 to 65 percent of the matrix

Question 45

What are the three types of bone tissue

Answer 45

woven bone, spongy bone, compact bone

Question 46

What is woven bone?

Answer 46

Occurs during bone development and bone repair Produced rapidly Haphazard collagen foundation Less structural integrity

Question 47

What is spongy bone?

Answer 47

Called trabecular or cancellous bone Has 3D lattice of branching, bony spicules intertwined to form trabeculae surrounding the bone marrow paces in the long bones and flat bones

Question 48

What is compact bone?

Answer 48

Also called lamellar bones Bone matrix organized into layers call laminae Layers may be flattened and parallel Layers may be concentric and parallel around a central canal (haversian canal)