Lecture 3 - Arthrology Flashcards
What is Arthrology?
- stands for the study of joints
- it is a union or junction between 2 or more bones
What are joints separated by?
- ligaments
What are the 2 types of ligaments ?
- capsular/intracapsular
- accessory/extracapsular
What is a capsular/intracapsular ligament?
- the thickening of the joint capsule
What is a accessory/extracapsular ligament?
- outside of the joint capsule
What is the functional classification of joints?
- classified according to the amount of movement that occurs at the joint
What are the 3 types of functional joints?
- synarthrosis
- amphiarthrosis
- diarthrosis
What is a synarthrosis joint?
- it is an immoveable joint
- i.e., the sutures of the skull
What is an amphiarthrosis joint?
- a slightly moveable joint
- i.e., symphysis pubis & intervertebral discs
What is a diarthrosis joint?
- a freely moveable joint
- i.e., knee & elbow
What is the structural classification of joints?
- classified according to the actual structure of the joint or the type of material that unites the articulating structure
What are the 3 types of structural joints?
- fibrous
- cartilaginous
- synovial
What is a fibrous joint?
- an immoveable joint
- i.e., sutures of the skull, distal tibiofibular joint, interosseous membrane
What is a cartilaginous joint?
- a slightly moveable joint
What is synchondroses?
- bones that are united by hyaline cartilage
What is symphyses?
- bones that are united by fibrocartilage
What is a synovial joint?
- a freely moveable joint
- for a joint to be a synovial joint, the joint must contain synovial fluid
- Synovial fluid acts as a lubricant
How does movement occur in a synovial joint?
- Depends on the type of synovial joint and which plane(s) the joint allows movement to occur in
What are the 3 movements of a synovial joint?
- Uni-axial: Movement available in one plane
- Bi-axial: Movement available in two planes
- Multi-axial: Movement available in three planes
What are the 6 types of synovial joints?
- plane joints
- pivot joints
- saddle joints
- hinge joints
- condyloid joints
- ball & socket joints
What are planes joints? What are their movement?
- the articulating surfaces of the bones are flat
- has a tight joint capsule, doesn’t allow much movement
- slides back & fourth, uni-axial
- i.e., tarsals & carpals
What is a pivot joint? What are their movements?
- a rounded portion of a bone enclosed within a ring formed partially by the articulation with another bone
- uni axial movement only in the transverse plane
- I.e., Atlanto-axial joint (C1 - C2) of neck, superior radio-ulnar joint
What is a saddle joint? What are their movements ?
- both articulating surfaces have a saddle shape
- bi-axial
- allow Flexion/extension, adduction/abduction, & circumduction movements
- i.e., 1st carpometacarpal joint (thumb)
What is a hinge joint? What are their movements ?
- the convex end of one bone articulates with the concave end of the adjoining bone
- have strong collateral ligaments
- uni-axial movement that allows Flexion/extension
- i.e., elbow, knee (modified), phalangeal joint
What is a condyloid joint? What are their movements?
- the shallow depression at the end of one bone articulates with a rounded structure from an adjacent bone
- Bi-axial joint that allows Flexion/extension, abduction/adduction, circumduction movements
- I.e., metacarpophalangeal joints (knuckles)
What is a ball & socket joint? What are their movements?
- the rounded head of one bone fits into the concave articulation of the adjacent bone
- the joint with the greatest range of motion
- a Multi-axial joint that allows Flexion/extension, adduction/abduction, rotation movements
- I.e., hip & shoulder
