Lecture 3 - Arthrology

Question 1

What is Arthrology?

Answer 1

• stands for the study of joints
• it is a union or junction between 2 or more bones

Question 2

What are joints separated by?

Answer 2

• ligaments

Question 3

What are the 2 types of ligaments ?

Answer 3

• capsular/intracapsular
• accessory/extracapsular

Question 4

What is a capsular/intracapsular ligament?

Answer 4

• the thickening of the joint capsule

Question 5

What is a accessory/extracapsular ligament?

Answer 5

• outside of the joint capsule

Question 6

What is the functional classification of joints?

Answer 6

• classified according to the amount of movement that occurs at the joint

Question 7

What are the 3 types of functional joints?

Answer 7

• synarthrosis
• amphiarthrosis
• diarthrosis

Question 8

What is a synarthrosis joint?

Answer 8

• it is an immoveable joint
• i.e., the sutures of the skull

Question 9

What is an amphiarthrosis joint?

Answer 9

• a slightly moveable joint
• i.e., symphysis pubis & intervertebral discs

Question 10

What is a diarthrosis joint?

Answer 10

• a freely moveable joint
• i.e., knee & elbow

Question 11

What is the structural classification of joints?

Answer 11

• classified according to the actual structure of the joint or the type of material that unites the articulating structure

Question 12

What are the 3 types of structural joints?

Answer 12

• fibrous
• cartilaginous
• synovial

Question 13

What is a fibrous joint?

Answer 13

• an immoveable joint
• i.e., sutures of the skull, distal tibiofibular joint, interosseous membrane

Question 14

What is a cartilaginous joint?

Answer 14

• a slightly moveable joint

Question 15

What is synchondroses?

Answer 15

• bones that are united by hyaline cartilage

Question 16

What is symphyses?

Answer 16

• bones that are united by fibrocartilage

Question 17

What is a synovial joint?

Answer 17

• a freely moveable joint
• for a joint to be a synovial joint, the joint must contain synovial fluid
  - Synovial fluid acts as a lubricant

Question 18

How does movement occur in a synovial joint?

Answer 18

• Depends on the type of synovial joint and which plane(s) the joint allows movement to occur in

Question 19

What are the 3 movements of a synovial joint?

Answer 19

• Uni-axial: Movement available in one plane
• Bi-axial: Movement available in two planes
• Multi-axial: Movement available in three planes

Question 20

What are the 6 types of synovial joints?

Answer 20

• plane joints
• pivot joints
• saddle joints
• hinge joints
• condyloid joints
• ball & socket joints

Question 21

What are planes joints? What are their movement?

Answer 21

• the articulating surfaces of the bones are flat
• has a tight joint capsule, doesn’t allow much movement
• slides back & fourth, uni-axial
• i.e., tarsals & carpals

Question 22

What is a pivot joint? What are their movements?

Answer 22

• a rounded portion of a bone enclosed within a ring formed partially by the articulation with another bone
• uni axial movement only in the transverse plane
• I.e., Atlanto-axial joint (C1 - C2) of neck, superior radio-ulnar joint

Question 23

What is a saddle joint? What are their movements ?

Answer 23

• both articulating surfaces have a saddle shape
• bi-axial
• allow Flexion/extension, adduction/abduction, & circumduction movements
• i.e., 1st carpometacarpal joint (thumb)

Question 24

What is a hinge joint? What are their movements ?

Answer 24

• the convex end of one bone articulates with the concave end of the adjoining bone
• have strong collateral ligaments
• uni-axial movement that allows Flexion/extension
• i.e., elbow, knee (modified), phalangeal joint

Question 25

What is a condyloid joint? What are their movements?

Answer 25

• the shallow depression at the end of one bone articulates with a rounded structure from an adjacent bone
• Bi-axial joint that allows Flexion/extension, abduction/adduction, circumduction movements
• I.e., metacarpophalangeal joints (knuckles)

Question 26

What is a ball & socket joint? What are their movements?

Answer 26

• the rounded head of one bone fits into the concave articulation of the adjacent bone
• the joint with the greatest range of motion
• a Multi-axial joint that allows Flexion/extension, adduction/abduction, rotation movements
• I.e., hip & shoulder