Lecture 1 - Anatomical Position Flashcards
1
Q
What is anatomical position?
A
- The universal standard posture of reference
- Reference point for anatomical landmarks
- All movement begins from this position
2
Q
What are anatomical planes?
A
- Used to provide orientation when you are observing the body as a whole or the parts
- pictured as sheets of glass that pass through and divide the body into sections/halves
- movement through a plane must move with it
- It cannot break the plane
3
Q
What are the 4 types of anatomical planes?
A
- midsagittal (median) plane
- Sagittal plane
- frontal (coronal) plane
- transverse (horizontal) plane
4
Q
What is the midsagittal (median) plane?
A
- a vertical plane that passes longitudinally through the body
- splits the body into 2 equal halves
- activities within the plane include bicep curls
5
Q
What is the Sagittal plane?
A
- a vertical plane that passes through the body parallel to the median plane
6
Q
What is the frontal (coronal) plane?
A
- a vertical plane that passes through the body perpendicular to the median plane
- divides the body into a front & back half
- activities include jumping jacks, waving
7
Q
What is the transverse (horizontal) plane?
A
- horizontal planes passing through the body perpendicular to the median & frontal planes
- divides the body into a top & bottom half
- activities include spinning, shaking your head no, baseball swing
8
Q
What are axes of movement?
A
- the pivot point around which the limb will move/rotate
- it is always perpendicular to its plane
9
Q
What is the axis of movement for the Sagittal plane?
A
- frontal axis
10
Q
What is the axis of movement for the frontal plane?
A
- sagittal axis
11
Q
What is the axis of movement for the transverse plane?
A
- longitudinal axis
12
Q
What is superior-inferior?
A
- means towards the head or foot
- also referred to as cranial-caudal
- Superior = above, Inferior = below
- I.e., the head is superior (above) to the hips
- I.e., the hips are inferior (below) to the head
13
Q
What is anterior-posterior?
A
- means towards the front or back
- also referred to as ventral-dorsal
- Anterior = in front, posterior = behind
14
Q
What is dorsum?
A
- the superior (top) aspect of any part that protrudes anteriorly (forward) from the body OR a posterior surface
- i.e., top of the foot
15
Q
What is medial-lateral?
A
- median = towards the midline (middle), lateral = towards the outside
- I.e, the sternum is medial to the shoulder
- I.e, the shoulder is lateral to the sternum
16
Q
What is proximal-distal?
A
- proximal = close to the attachment point to the axial skeleton
- distal = further away to the attachment point to the axial skeleton
- I.e, the elbow is proximal to the wrist
- I.e, the wrist is distal to the shoulder
17
Q
What is superficial-deep?
A
- superficial = close to the surface
- deep = away from the surface
- i.e., my lungs are deep to the thorax
- i.e., my skin is superficial to my muscles
18
Q
What is plantar?
A
- the sole of your foot only
- plantar aspect
19
Q
What is palmer?
A
- also referred to as volar
- the palm of the hand only
20
Q
What is inferomedial?
A
- nearer to the feet and median aspect
21
Q
What is superolateral?
A
- nearer the head and farther from the median aspect
22
Q
What is unilateral?
A
- means one limb on one side of the body
23
Q
What is bilateral?
A
- means both sides of the body
24
Q
What is ipsilateral?
A
- means two limbs on the same side of the body
25
What is Contralateral?
- means two limbs on the opposite side of the body
26
What is flexion-extension?
- Any movement towards the fetal position
- Flexion decreases the angle between two bones
- extension increases the angle between two bones
- HYPEREXTENSION is beyond the end position or beyond full extension
27
What is dorsiflexion-plantarflexion?
- movement only occurs at the talocrural (ankle) joint
- dorsiflexion = toes flexed up
- plantarflexion = toes flexed down
28
What is abduction-adduction?
- Abd- movement away from the body
- Add- movement towards the body (‘add’ it back)
- Wrist = also called radial & ulnar deviation
- Side flexion = special kind of abduction for the neck and trunk, segmental
29
What is circumduction?
- circular movement
- combination of flx/abd/ext/add
30
What is medial (internal)-lateral (external) rotation?
- only happens at multi axial joints (shoulder/hip)
- can also be without a direction (i.e., neck rotation)
31
What is pronation-supination?
- Superior radio-ulnar joint (forearm just distal to elbow)
- Supination- palm superior (hold a bowl of soup)
- Rotational movement like a pivot
- Also used to describe movement in the feet during weight bearing or the positioning of the feet
32
What is eversion-inversion?
- happens at the sub-talar joint of the foot
- eversion = outwards to the midline
- inversion = inwards to the midline
33
What is cross-flexion/cross-extension?
- Also called horizontal flexion/extension or horizontal adduction/abduction
- it is a Compound movement
- the shoulder must be flexed to 90° to start movement
