Lecture 2 - Osteology

Question 1

What is the importance of cartilage?

Answer 1

• all bones are created from cartilage

Question 2

What are the 3 types of cartilage?

Answer 2

• hyaline cartilage
• elastic cartilage
• fibrocartilages

Question 3

What is hyaline cartilage?

Answer 3

• covers the end of bones at a joint
• gives a smooth surface & reduces friction
• creates an articular surface
  - i.e., coming together

Question 4

What is elastic cartilage?

Answer 4

• allows flexibility for parts of the body to bend & move
• found in the external ear & epiglottis

Question 5

What is fibrocartilage?

Answer 5

• acts as a cushion within joints
• helps manage force & reduces stress placed on joints
• found in the intervertebral discs & insertions of ligaments & tendons

Question 6

How does long bone develop?

Answer 6

• all bone starts as cartilage
• as the embryo develops, primary ossification begins

Question 7

What are the 6 functions of Osseous (Bone) tissue?

Answer 7

• Protects Internal Organs
• Stores & releases fat
• Produces blood cells
• Stores & releases minerals
• Facilitates movement
• Supports the body

Question 8

What are the 5 types of bones?

Answer 8

• long bones
• short bones
• irregular bones
• flat bones
• sesamoid bones

Question 9

What are long bones? What are some examples?

Answer 9

• a bone that has a shaft & 2 ends & is longer than it is wide
• provide leverage
• i.e., tibia, fibula, femur, humerus, radius, ulna

Question 10

What are short bones? What are some examples?

Answer 10

• cube-like shape, equal in length, width, thickness
• provide stability, support, & some motion
• i.e., carpals (wrist) & tarpals (ankle)

Question 11

What are irregular bones? What are some examples?

Answer 11

• does not have a characterized shape, more complex
• they protect the vital organs
• i.e., vertebrae & facial bones

Question 12

What are flat bones? What are some examples?

Answer 12

• thin & curved
• provide points of attachment for muscles & also protect internal organs
• i.e., sternum, ribs, scapulae, cranial bones

Question 13

What are sesamoid bones? What are some examples?

Answer 13

• small, round, shaped like a sesame seed
• protects tendons from compressive force
• i.e., patella

Question 14

What are the 9 structures that make up a long bone?

Answer 14

• diaphysis
• Metaphysis
• epiphysis
• periosteum
• perichondrium
• Endosteum
• cortex
• medullary cavity
• epiphyseal plates

Question 15

What is the diaphysis?

Answer 15

• refers to the shaft (middle) of the bone that runs from the proximal & distal ends of the bone

Question 16

What is the metaphysis?

Answer 16

• refers to when the bone begins to flare out
• the neck portion
• contains the growth plates

Question 17

What is the epiphysis?

Answer 17

• the part that forms the bone
• the round ends of the bone (both ends)

Question 18

What is the periosteum?

Answer 18

• peri = around or surrounding
• refers to the outer surface of the bone that is covered with fibrous membrane
• contains blood vessels, nerves that nourish compact bone (provide blood supply)
• helps with healing

Question 19

What is the perichondrium?

Answer 19

• chondrium = cartilage
• will cover the bone on the ends of the bone

Question 20

What is the endosteum?

Answer 20

• endo = inside, oste = bone
• lining on the medullary cavity
• sends blood & nutrients to the interior of the bone which provides bone growth, repair & remodeling
• also contains the osteoblasts & osteoclasts

Question 21

What is the cortex ?

Answer 21

• the outer layer of the bone

Question 22

What is the medullary cavity?

Answer 22

• a hallow region within the diaphysis
• contains red & yellow marrow
• red marrow = contains red blood cells & platelets
• yellow marrow = the fatty (adipose) tissue

Question 23

What are epiphyseal plates?

Answer 23

• also known as growth plates
• found in the metaphysis
• allows for bone growth, once it closes the bone stops growing