lecture 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What recognize T cells?

A
  • peptides on antigen-presenting cells (APC)
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2
Q

What is MHC?

A
  • cluster of highly polymorphic genes divided into MHC class I and class II gene loci
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3
Q

What display MHC class I and II?

A

antigens (peptides) to T cells

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4
Q

Human MHC is…

A

HLA human leukocyte antigen

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5
Q

MHC I molecules are composed of

A

alpha chain and non-polymorphic ß2-microglobulin

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6
Q

what is the function of MHC I molecules?

A
  • presentation of cytoplasmic and intracellular antigens
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7
Q

In which groups are MHC I molecules divided?

A

a,b,c

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8
Q

MHC II molecules are composed of?

A

2 polymorphic protein chains

- 1 alpha chain and one ß chain

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9
Q

name the function of MHC II molecules

A

presentation of endosomol extracellular antigens

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10
Q

MHC II molecules are divided into

A

group d,q,b

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11
Q

To which type of T cells display MHC I molecules peptides?

A

CD8+ T cells

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12
Q

Which MHC molecules display peptides to CD4+ T cells?

A

MHC II molecules

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13
Q

What is the major barrier in tissue transplantation?

A

MHC

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14
Q

What happens usually after transplantation to genetically non-identical individuals?

A

graft rejection

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15
Q

Name the types of transplantation

A
  • syngeneic
  • allogeneic
  • xenogeneic
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16
Q

What type of transplantation is mostly used in humans?

A

allogeneic

17
Q

graft rejection could be

A

hyperacute, acute and chronic

18
Q

What mediates graft rejection?

A

MHC-specific T and B lymphocytes

19
Q

What could be a treatment for graft rejection?

A

immunosupression

20
Q

graft v. host disease (CvHD) happens where?

A

in bone marrow transplantation

21
Q

what is the mechanism behind CvHD?

A

reactivity of grafted mature T cells to host antigens

22
Q

what is important for transplantation and autoimmune disease?

A
  • HLA typing
23
Q

Which number is the most important in HLA typing?

A
  • first number -> A02:01/40:01
24
Q

Which techniques are used during HLA typing?

A
  • serological or molecular menas
25
Q

What is examined during serological typing?

A

proteins on cell membrane

26
Q

How is the serology investigated?

A
  • terasaki plates
  • antibodies against specific HLA proteins → each well with blood of patient → activation of complement system → lymphocytes from blood will die
  • sometimes false positive reaction
27
Q

What is examined during molecular typing?

A
  • genes encoding specific proteins are detected
28
Q

What is the investigation method for molecular typing?

A

PCR

29
Q

what shows a positive reaction in molecular typing?

A

seen as band in gel after electrophoresis -> primers for HLA alleles

30
Q

Which transplantation is possible without cross matching?

A
  • liver

- heart also because cross matching takes too long -> immunosupression after wards

31
Q

what is cross-matching done for?

A
  • antibodies
32
Q

how is chronic reaction managed?

A

by changing the immunosupression

33
Q

what happens during chronic rejection?

A

in the vessel wall → fibrosis → occlusion of vessel → necrosis and dieing of graft

34
Q

What is caused by hyperacute rejection due to presence of memory cells in the recipient?

A
  • intervascular thrombosis
35
Q

when does acute rejection occur?

A

after a few weeks → immune system needs time to generate antibodies/ t lymphocytes → graft will die

36
Q

what is the mechanism behind immunosupressiojn?

A
  • supress cytotoxic T cells

- > cyclosporin A

37
Q

incorrect blood transfusion could lead to?

A

hemolytic lysis