Lecture 1

Question 1

what does the immune system consist of?

Answer 1

• collection of cells, tissues and molecules for defense action

Question 2

who invented the first vaccine?

Answer 2

Edward jenner in 1796 against small pox

Question 3

between what does the i.s. differentiate?

Answer 3

between self and non-self

Question 4

describe the healthy organism

Answer 4

balance between immune tolerance and response

Question 5

if the immune response is insufficient

Answer 5

there can be chronic infections and cancer

Question 6

what is innate immunity?

Answer 6

functions directly in response to infection

Question 7

major components of the innate immune system are?

Answer 7

• epithelial barriers like the skin, GI tract, respiratory tract
• phagocytic leukocytes (neutrophils + macrophages)
• innate lymphoid cells like ILCs and NK cells
• circulating plasma proteins and complement system

Question 8

what is an antigen?

Answer 8

a foreign substance

Question 9

name a few functions of the innate immune system

Answer 9

• defensive functions early after infection
• tissue repair
• induce inflammation
• stimulate adaptive immune responses
• recognize microbial pathogens or damaged dying host cells

Question 10

what are MAMPs and PAMPs

Answer 10

• pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and Microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs)

Question 11

How are MAMPs and PAMPs expressed?

Answer 11

different classes of microbes express different PAMPs and MAMPs

Question 12

DAMPs are

Answer 12

damage-associated molecular patterns

- released from damaged or dying cells

Question 13

How are DAMPs produced

Answer 13

may be produced due to damage caused by infections, toxins, burns and trauma

Question 14

Describe pattern-recognition receptors PRR

Answer 14

• cellular receptors for pathogens and damage-associated molecules

Question 15

where are PRR located?

Answer 15

• in the cytoplasm or on the surface

Question 16

what are toll-like receptors?

Answer 16

• evolutionarily conserved family of pattern recognition receptors expressed on many cell types
• are mammalian homologues of toll

Question 17

in humans there are how many different TLRs?

Answer 17

9

Question 18

name the sequential steps of phagocytosis

Answer 18

1. recruitment of the phagocytic cells to the sites of infection
2. recognition of microbes and activation → binding of microbes to receptors
3. ingestion of the microbes by phagocytosis
4. destruction of ingested microbes

Question 19

name the steps of recruitment of phagocytic cells to the sites of infection

Answer 19

1. rolling
2. integrin activation by chemokines
3. stable adhesion
4. migration through endothelium

Question 20

which cells express receptors that specifically recognize microbes?

Answer 20

• neutrophils and macrophages

Question 21

the binding of microbes to these receptors does what

Answer 21

• kill phagocytosed microbes by microbicidal molecules in phagolysosomes

Question 22

name examples of microbicidal molecules in phagolysosomes

Answer 22

• lysosomal enzymes
• reactive oxygen species
• nitric oxide

Question 23

neutrophils and macrophages could also

Answer 23

injure normal host tissues by the release of these molecuels

Question 24

what is opsonization?

Answer 24

• process of attaching opsonins to microbial surfaces to target microbes for phagocytosis

Question 25

what are opsonins

Answer 25

macromolecules that attach to the surface of microbes

Question 26

how can opsonins be recognized?

Answer 26

• by surface receptors of neutrophils or macrophages

Question 27

what are opsonins for?

Answer 27

increase efficiency of phagocytosis

Question 28

examples of opsonins are

Answer 28

• IgG anitbodies
• fragments of complement proteins
• epithelial proteins