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Cardiovascular Physiology > Lecture 3/4 textbook notes > Flashcards

Lecture 3/4 textbook notes Flashcards

1
Q

skeletal muscle`structure

A
  • attached to bones & moves parts of the skeleton

- striated

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2
Q

cardiac muscle structure

A
  • forms heart wall

- striated

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3
Q

skeletal muscle regulation

A

-voluntary movement and subconscious

>regulated by motor neurons of somatic NS

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4
Q

cardiac muscle regulation

A 
-subconscious control
>regulated by ANS
>hormones: NE and E
>K+/Ca2+/Na+
>body temperature
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5
Q

smooth muscle structure

A
  • walls of hollow internal structures (blood vessels … etc)
  • non striated
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6
Q

smooth muscle regulation

A

-involuntary

>regulated by motor neurons ANS & endocrine hormones

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7
Q

skeletal muscle functions

A
  • producing body movements
  • stabilizing body position
  • generation heat (shivering)
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8
Q

all muscle functions

A

-moving and storing substances within the body

>sphincters, stomach, urinary bladder, heart, GI tract, lymph and blood flow

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9
Q

muscle properties

A

-electrical excitability
>action potentials and pace makers
-contractility
>muscle contracts and generates tension on attachment points -> shortens and movement
-extensibility
>stretch without damage (smooth muscle most stretchy)
-elasticity
>muscle returns to original shape after contraction/extension

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10
Q

skeletal muscle fiber components

A
  • muscle fibers
  • fascicles
  • tendons
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11
Q

muscle fibers

A

-10-100 muscle fibres

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12
Q

fascicles

A

connective tissue surrounds 10-100 muscle fibers -> bundles

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13
Q

tendons

A

connective tissue surrounds entire muscle and attaches muscle to bone with tendons

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14
Q

sarcolemma

A

plasma membrane of muscle fiber

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15
Q

transverse tubules

A

invaginations of sarcolemma which tunnel from surface to the center of the fiber
>filled with extracellular fluid

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16
Q

sarcoplasm surrounded by ____

A

sarcolemma

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17
Q

sarcoplasm is the ____ of the muscle fiber

A

cytoplasm

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18
Q

sarcoplasm functions

A
  • house mt
  • stores glycogen
  • has myoglobin to store O2
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19
Q

myofibrils

A

extend throughout sarcoplasm
>contractile element
>contain filament (thin and thicK)

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20
Q

sarcoplasmic reticulum encircles ____

A

myofibril

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21
Q

sarcoplasmic reticulum structure

A

fluid filled sacs (stores Ca2+)

-ends sacs: terminal cisterna

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22
Q

terminal ciserna function

A

-release Ca2+

>right next to T tubules

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23
Q

triad

A

transverse tuble and 2 x terminal cisterna

>linked by DHP receptors with voltage gated Ca2+ channels

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24
Q

Z discs

A

seperate sacromeres

>dense protein

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25
Q

A band

A

extends length of thick filament
>has some thin filament
>darker

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26
Q

I band

A

thin filaments
>includes Z disc
> lighter

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27
Q

H zone

A

-area inside A band with only thick filaments

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28
Q

M line

A

center of H zone with proteins that hold thick filaments together

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29
Q

contractile proteins function

A

generate force during contraction

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30
Q

types of contractile proteins

A
  • myosin

- actin

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31
Q

myosin

A

-motor protein
>make up thick filament
> 2 heavy (myosin tail)
> 4 light chains (ATP and actin binding sites)

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32
Q

actin

A

many G-actin -> 1 F-actin … + topomyosin + tropnin -> thin filament

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33
Q

tropomyosin

A

cover myosin-binding site on actin when relaxed

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34
Q

troponin

A

binds to tropomyesin, actin and Ca2+

35
Q

Structural proteins function

A

help with aligment, stability, extensibility and elasticity

36
Q

types of structural proteins

A
  • titin
  • a-actinin
  • myomesin
  • nebulin
  • dystrophin
37
Q

titin

A

connects Z disc with M line

>thick filament stability

38
Q

a-actinin

A

connects Z disc + actin (thin filaments) + titin

39
Q

myomesin

A

binds titin + thick filamnet -> M line

40
Q

Nebulin

A

wraps thin filaments (anchors thin filaments and Z discs)

41
Q

Dystrophin

A

links thin filaments ( sarcoma) + integral membrane proteins (sarcolemma)/tendons

42
Q

sliding filament model

A

skeletal muscle shortens during contraction because thick and thin filaments slide past eachother
>thin filaments move towards M line of each sarcomere
>H and I zone disappear

43
Q

contraction cycle Stages

A
  1. ATP hydrolysis
  2. attachement of myosin to actin
  3. power stroke
  4. detachment of myosin from actin
44
Q

contraction cycle: ATP hydrolysis

A

myosin heat (ATP -> ADP) energized to 90 degrees

45
Q

contraction cycle: attachment of myosin to actin

A

myosin head + myosin-binding site (actin)
>phosphate leaves
>myosin head -> crossbridge

46
Q

contraction cycle: power stroke

A

myosein head at 90 degrees -> 45
>thin filament pulled past thick towards sarcoma
>ADP leaves

47
Q

contraction cycle: detachment of myosin from actin

A

-actin-head + ATP -> actin leaves

48
Q
A

somatic motor neuron triggers msucle contraction section!!!

49
Q

excitation-contraction coupling in skeletal muscle

A

muscle action potential -> T tubules -> releases Ca2+ from SR -> contraction

50
Q

decreases in [Ca2+]sarcoplasm causes

A

skeletal muscle relaxation

51
Q

Calsequesinin

A

calcium binding protein in SR that stores calcium

52
Q

motor unit

A

somatic motor neuron and many muscle fibers

53
Q

muscle twitch definition

A

single action pot. -> muscle fibers -> brief contraction

54
Q

muscle twich record

A

myogram

latent period -> contraction period (increased tension) -> relaxation period (decreased tension)

55
Q

Graded contraction can occur in ___

A

skeletal muscle

56
Q

muscles tension factors

A
  • frequency of stimulation
  • muscle fiber length
  • muscle fiber diameter
  • motor unit size
  • motor unit recruitment
57
Q

muscle tension: frequency of stimulation

A

-1 signal immediately after the other -> only responds to 1st stimulus
>1 signal -> contraction -> refractory period -> 2nd signal -> stronger second contraction
>wave summation

58
Q

wave summation

A
  • unfused tetanus: sustained but wavering contraction

- fused tentanus: smoot, sustained contraction (rare and incredible strenght)

59
Q

muscle tension: muscle fiber length

A

-optimal zone of overlap so myosin head can contact thin filaments

60
Q

muscle tension: muscle fiber diameter

A

thicker means more myofibrils and greater tension

61
Q

muscle tensions: motor unit size

A

relative to task

>ex: larynx -> 2-3 muscle fibers per motor unit vs leg -> 2000-3000

62
Q

muscle tensions: motor unit recruitment

A
  • increase number of active motor units for greater contraction force
  • asynchronous recruitment: smallest -> larger motor unit recruitment (task based)
63
Q

muscle tone

A
  • established by different motor units that are alternately active and inactive
  • flaccid: motor neurons are damaged or cut
64
Q

muscle attachment site

A

origin: muslce tendon- stationary base
insertion: muscle- movable bone

65
Q

muscle actions

A
  • flexion: bending limb at join
  • exention: straightening limb at joint
  • antagonistic muscles: biceps and tricepts
66
Q

lever system with muscles

A
  • lever: bone
  • joint: fulcrum
  • effort: movement
  • load: opposes movement
67
Q

mechanical advantage

A

load closer to fulcrum than effort

>think wheel borrow

68
Q

series elastic elements

A

tendons are elastic and in series with contractile elements of the muscle

69
Q

isotonic muscle contraction

A
  • constant muscle tension but changing muscle lenght

ex: body movements and object movement

70
Q

isotonic concentric

A

tension generated exceeds load -> shortens muscles

>ex: picking book off table

71
Q

isotonic eccentric

A

tension exerted resists movement of load -> slows lenghtening of muscle
ex: putting book back on table

72
Q

isometic contraction

A

tension generated does not exceed load-> muscle lenght does not change
>ex: trying to left object that is too heavy or holding something steady

73
Q

cardiac vs skeletal muscle fibers (structure)

A

cardiac is: shorter in length and diameter, has more branching, less T tubules and smaller SR

74
Q

cardiac muslce: intercalated discs

A

-connect the ends of muscle fibers (thickening of sarcolemma)

75
Q

intercalated discs: desmosomes

A

cell junction that mechanically binds 2 fibers

helps prevent failing apart

76
Q

intercalated discs: gap junctions

A

cell junction that electrically binds 2 fibers

77
Q

cardiac fibers: functional syncytium

A

at gap junction action potentials spread throughout fibers

78
Q

cardiac muscle prevent tetanus with ___

A

long refractory periods

79
Q

Sinoatrial (SA) node location

A

in the wall of the right atrium close to the opening of the superior vena cava.

80
Q

Atrioventricular (AV) node location

A

in the interatrial septum

81
Q

Atrioventricular (AV) bundle location

A

in the upper part of the interventricular septum.

82
Q

Right and left bundle branches location

A

in the interventricular septum.

83
Q

Purkinje fibers location

A

in the ventricular wall.

Cardiovascular Physiology (14 decks)

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