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Cardiovascular Physiology > Fewell - Cardiac Cycle & Ventricular Performance 2021 > Flashcards

Fewell - Cardiac Cycle & Ventricular Performance 2021 Flashcards

1
Q

Primary role of the Cardiovascular System

A

maintaining
homeostasis is the transport of nutrients and
dissolved gases to tissues as well as removal of
by-products of metabolism

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2
Q

Goal of transport

A

match supply to demand

>tissue regulate their blood flow to meet demand of organs

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3
Q

Why does The heart pumps blood into the

circulatory system?

A

to establish a
driving pressure for perfusion of the
various tissues

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4
Q

Circulatory System & cardiac filling during normal functions

A

the heart accepts
blood at low filling pressures during
DIASTOLE and then propels it forward at
higher pressures during SYSTOLE

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5
Q

What mechanisms help the heart pumps blood into the

circulatory system?

A
  • Generation of Action Potentials
  • Automaticity & Rhythmicity
  • Conduction of Action Potentials
  • Excitation – Contraction Coupling
  • Muscle Contraction
  • Mechanical Activity of the Heart
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6
Q

Circulatory System heart failure impact on cardiac filling

A 
when the heart is
unable to pump blood forward to meet
the metabolic demands of the body or is
able due so only if cardiac filling
pressures are abnormally high
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7
Q

Systemic Transport Formula/Determinants of Systemic transport of Gas or Nurtrients

A

Systemic Transport = Gas or Nutrient Content x Cardiac Output

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8
Q

Systemic transport (Ex: Oxygen)

A

Systemic Oxygen Transport = CaO2 x CO

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9
Q

Cardiac Output Formula

A

Stroke Volume x Heart Rate

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10
Q

Cardiac Output definition

A

amount of blood that the heart pumps in 1 minute (L/min)

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11
Q

Cardiac Output: pulmonary artery vs aorta

A

measured in aorta or pulmonary artery because left and right side have same cardiac output

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12
Q

Why is cardiac output intermittent?

A 
Output is intermittent,
continuous flow to
body tissues occurs by
distension of the aorta
and its branches
during systole and
elastic recoil of these
structures during
diastole..
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13
Q

Windkessel Reservoir

A

Winkessel (air chamber) converts pulsatile inflow
into a smoother outflow
>an air chamber used in past fire engines

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14
Q

Windkessel Reservoir and Cardiovascular System

A

Stephen Hales [1677-1761] drew the analogy between the resistance and compliance elements of the cardiovascular system to a Windkessel Reservoir

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15
Q

Determinants of Stoke Volume

A

+ contractility and preload

- afterload

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16
Q

determinants of cardiac output

A

+ stroke volume and heart rate

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17
Q

cardiac cycle definition

A

The sequence of
electrical and mechanical
events that repeats with
every heartbeat

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18
Q

phase of cardiac cycle

A

systole and diastole

19
Q

cardiac cycle for 1 heart beat

A

total of 0.8 seconds
>0.3 seconds for systole (contraction)
>0.5 seconds for diastole (refilling)

20
Q

roles of systole and diastole on heart rate increases

A

diastole shortens more than systole

21
Q

Right & Left Ventricles - Contraction

A

The right ventricle contracts like a bellows whereas the left ventricle contracts like a hand squeezing a tube of
toothpaste

22
Q

____ Events Precede

_____ Events

A

Electrical & Mechanical

23
Q

Flow results from ___

A

Pressure Gradients

24
Q

Valves open and close as results of ____

A

Pressure gradients

25
Q

Opening and closing of valves produces ___

A

heart sounds

26
Q

Fewell’s four phases of the cardiac cycle

A
  1. Inflow Phase
  2. Isovolumic Contraction
  3. Outflow Phase
  4. Isovolumic Relaxation
27
Q

Inflow Phase Valves

A

Mitral Valve Open – Aortic Valve Closed

28
Q

Isovolumic Contraction Valves

A

Both Valves Closed – No Flow

29
Q

Outflow Phase Valves

A

Mitral Valve Closed – Aortic Valve Open

30
Q

Isovolumic Relaxation Valves

A

Both Valves Closed – No Flow

31
Q

Cardiac Cycle Wigger’s Diagram (Inflow)

LEFT HEART PHASE 1

A

• Rapid ventricular filling
• Decreased ventricular filling – Diastasis
• Atrial contraction – Additional ventricular
filling
>Diastole (Passive early & later Active DIFFERENT FROM TEXTBOOK HERE!!!!)
>Mitral Valve Open – Aortic Valve Closed

32
Q

Cardiac Cycle Wigger’s Diagram (isovolumic contraction)

LEFT HEART PHASE 2

A

> Systole

>Mitral Valve Closed – Aortic Valve Closed

33
Q

Cardiac Cycle Wigger’s Diagram (Outflow)

LEFT HEART PHASE 3

A

Systole
Mitral Valve Closed – Aortic Valve Open
• Rapid ventricular ejection
• Decreased ventricular ejection

34
Q

Cardiac Cycle Wigger’s Diagram (Isovolumic Relaxation)

LEFT HEART PHASE 4

A

> Diastole

>Mitral Valve Closed – Aortic Valve Closed

35
Q

Heart rate is determined by ____

A

the cardiac cycle???

36
Q

Stroke volume formula

A

SV = End-Diastolic Volume (LVEDV) minus End-Systolic Volume (LVESV)
>around 70mL

37
Q

Stroke volume definition

A

the amount of blood pumped by the left ventricle during one cardiac cycle

38
Q

Ejection Fraction Formula

A

Ejection Fraction = stroke volume/ end-diastolic volume

>should be around 55%

39
Q

Preload definition

A

Force that stretches the relaxed muscle fiber

end-diastolic volume

40
Q

Contractility definition

A

Cardiac performance at a given preload & afterload

41
Q

Afterload definition

A

Force again which the contracting muscle
must act
(aortic pressure)

42
Q

Preload Formula

A

transmural end-diastolic left ventricular pressure = end-diastolic left ventricular pressure – Pericardial Pressure

43
Q

Frank-Starling

A

stroke volume of the heart increases in response to an
increase in the volume of blood filling the heart when all other
factors remain constant.

44
Q

preload systolic vs diasytolic

A

systolic has a larger preload than diastyolic

BUT increased pressure good because optimize myocardial fiber lenght

Cardiovascular Physiology (14 decks)

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