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Cardiovascular Physiology > L9/L10 > Flashcards

L9/L10 Flashcards

1
Q

Force Forumla

A

Force = change in pressure/resistance

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2
Q

_ pressure = _ blood flow

A

increased pressure causes increased blood flow

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3
Q

_ resistance = _ blood flow

A

increased pressure causes decread blood flow

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4
Q

Resistance in blood vessels formula

A

R = [(blood viscosity)(blood vessel lenght)]/(raidus of of blood vessel)^4

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5
Q

total peripheral resistance (TPR) definition

A

systemic vascular resistance of blood cells

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6
Q

poiseuille’s law

A

Force =
[ (pi) (change in pressure) (radius of blood vessel)^4 ]
/
[ 8 (blood viscosity) (blood vessel lenght) ]

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7
Q

laminar blood flow vs turbulent blood flow

A

L: smooth, strealine manner
> parallel to axis of blood vessel

T: blood moves at various angles to the vessel axis
>creates sounds
>increased resistance

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8
Q

Hydrostatic Pressure (Blood Pressure)

A

the force exerted by the blood confined within blood vessels or heart chambers

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9
Q

pulse definition

A

pulse is caused blood being ejected from ventricles causing arteries to bulge and relax

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10
Q

pulse formula

A

pulse pressure = systolic - diastolic pressure

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11
Q

mean arterial pressure formula

A

MAP = diastolic pressure + 1/3 (systolic pressure - diastolic pressure)

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12
Q

cardiac output equation (flow)

A

cardiac output = mean aterial pressure
/
total peripheral resistance

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13
Q

Vascular Compliance Definition

A

ability of blood vessels to stretch

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14
Q

Vascular Compliance

>transmural pressure formula

A

pressure outside - pressure inside

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15
Q

Vascular compliance formula

A

compliance = change in volume
/
change in transmural pressure

*transmural pressure = Pin - Pout

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16
Q

Compliance in veins and arteries

A

veins can stretch a lot (high compliance)

arteries do not really stretch (low compliance)

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17
Q

velocity is ___ portional to _____

A

inversely & cross-sectional area

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18
Q

velocity formula

A

V= force
/
cross sectional area

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19
Q

Where is velocity slowest in vasculature

A

capillaries

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20
Q

where is velocity fastest in vasculature

A

aorta and venae cavae

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21
Q

circulation time

A

how much time it takes 1 drop of blood to:

right atrium -(pulmonary circulation)->left atrium -(systemic circulation)-> foot -(systemic circulation)-> right atrium

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22
Q

Factors that increase venous return

A
  • venous valves
  • respiratory pump
  • venoconstrction
  • skeletal muscle pump
  • venous pressure gradient
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23
Q

factors that decrease venous return

A

-gravity

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24
Q

decreased venous return means

A

-increased right atrium/ventricle pressure

>causes: leaky triscup valve or increased gravity

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25
Q

Where does the blood go (cardiac output) after leaving the right ventricle

A

100 % go to the lungs

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26
Q

left Ventricle receiveing cardiac output

A

fraction go to organs (not lungs)

>task dependent

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27
Q

vascular tone definition

A

partial contraction/relaxation of arteriole setting a baseline

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28
Q

vascular tone function

A

principal method of regulating blood flow to different organs of the body

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29
Q

Intrinsic control definition

A

-mechanisms within an organ that regulate blood flow

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30
Q

intrinsic control mechanism

A

adjusts arteriole radii to meet specific metabolic demand

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31
Q

autoregulation

A

the ability to have constant blood flow with changing arterial pressures

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32
Q

physical changes related to intrinsic control

A
  • vasodilation
  • vasocontriction
  • myogenic response
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33
Q

myogenic response function

A
  • increases contraction when stretching

- decreases contraction when relaxation

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34
Q

myogenic mechanism for vasoconstriction

A
  1. increased arteriole pressure -> smooth muscle stretch (arteriolar wall) -> mecahnically-gated channels open (muscle membrane) -> Ca 2+ influx
  2. Ca 2+ + calmodulin -> complex -> activates enzyme myosin-light chain kinase -> phosphorylates myosin -> activated myosin
  3. activated myosin + actin -> smooth muscle contraction -> vasoconstriction -> negates inital stretch of arteriole -> constant blood flow
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35
Q

myogenic mechanism for vasodilation

A

decreased arterial blood pressure -> decreased stretching -> relaxation -> vasodilation

36
Q

intrinsic control local mediators for vasodilation

A

paracrines (chemical mediators)
>vasodilators: Co2, K+, H+. adenosine and NO
-inflammation: body kinin, histamine and protacyclin
>increased oxygen

37
Q

intrinsic control local mediators for vasoconstriction

A

paracrines (chemical mediators)
>vasoconstrictors: thromboxne A2, superoxide radicals, serotonin & endothelin
>decreased oxygen

38
Q

vasodilation with adenosine mechanism

A
  1. adenosine + A2A purinergic receptor (sarcolemma smooth muscle of coronary arteriole) -> Gs activated - > stimulates adenylyl cyclase -> increase cAMP
  2. cAMP + protein kinsae ->K+ATP channeels phosphorylated (sarcolemma) -> opens -> K+ ion outflux -> hyperpolarization -> L-type voltage-gate Ca2+ channels close
  3. Ca2+ cannot enter cell -> relaxed smooth muscles -> vasodilation
39
Q

Extrinsic Control definition

A

control from outside the organ

40
Q

Extrinsic Control types

A

-nerves
>sympathetic and parasympathetic
-hormones

41
Q

extrinsic control from sympathetic nerves

A

location (innervates): arterioles
> a1-adrenergic receptors: NE > E (vasoconstriction of kidneys & digestive tract)
> B2–adrenergic receptors:: NE < E (vasodilation of heart & skeletal muscle)

42
Q

extrinsic control from parasympathetic nerves

A

> location: external genitalia

>Ach and NO

43
Q

extrinsic control from hormones

A

NE & E from adrenal medulla

44
Q

Cardiovascular center location

A

medulla oblongata

45
Q

Cardiovascular center function

A

regulate mean arterial blood pressure via heart rate, contractility and blood vessel radius

46
Q

cardiostimulatory center

A

increase heart rate

47
Q

cardioinhibitory center

A

decrease heart rate

48
Q

vasomotor center

A

regulate blood vessel radius

49
Q

cardiovascular center gets input from:

A

> proprioceptors
baroreceptors (blood vessels, pressure and stretch)
chemoreceptors -(glossopharyneal X nerve)-> cerebral cortex -> limibic system -> hypothalamus -> cardiovascular center

50
Q

cardiovascular center output from sympathetic nervous system

A

CV center -> spinal cord

1a. —(vasomotor nerve) —> blood vessel smooth muscle
1b. — (cardiac accelerator nerve) —> SA/AV node & ventricular myocardium

51
Q

cardiovascular center output from parasympathetic nervous system

A

CV center -(vagus X) -> SA/AV node

52
Q

Baroreceptor location in mean arteriole pressure

A

> aorta (internal carotid arteries)
large neck
chest arteries

53
Q

How Baroreceptor report decreased mean arteriole pressure

to CV center (reflexes)

A

decreased blood pressure -> decreased stretching -> baroreceptors (carotid sinus) -> decrease action potential -(glossopharyngeal IX)-> CV center

54
Q

How does the baroreceptor report increased mean arteriole pressure to the cv center (reflexes)

A

increased blood pressure -> increased stretching -> baroreceptors (carotid sinus) -> increased action potential -(glossopharyngeal IX)-> CV center

55
Q

carotid sinus

A

regulates brain blood pressure via small widening of carotid artery

56
Q

orthostatic (postural) hypotension

A

decreased systemic blood pressure when standing up

57
Q

chemoreceptor locaation

A

> carotid/aortic bodies near aorta arch/carotid sinus

58
Q

chemoreceptor function

A

detect blood levels: O2, Co2 and H+

59
Q

chemoreceptors reflex

A

> sympathetic stimualtion when: decreased O2 or increased Co2/H+

60
Q

NE role in cardiovascular system

A
  • cardiac output
  • total peripheral resistance
  • increases vasoconstriction
  • increase heart rate/contractility
  • increase blood pressure
61
Q

E role in cardiovascular system

A
  • cardiac output
  • total peripheral resistance
  • increases vasoconstriction/dilation
  • increase heart rate/contractility
  • increase blood pressure
62
Q

Angiorensin II is antagonistic to _ and _

A

Atrial natriureitc peptide and No

63
Q

aldosterone is antagonistic to _

A

atrial natriuretic peptide

64
Q

Shock definition

A

failure of cardiovascular system to deliver enough O2/nutrients to meet cellular metabolic needs

65
Q

Shock types

A
  • hypovolemic
  • cardiogenic
  • vascular
  • obstructive
66
Q

Hypovolemic shock

A

-decreased blood volume

>caused by hemorrhage, loss of body fluids and diabetes

67
Q

cardiogenic shock

A

-decreased heart function
>causes: excessice preload or afterload, impaired contractility, myocardial infraction, ischemia, heart vavle issues and arrhythmia

68
Q

vascular shock

A

-inappropriate vasodilations

>causes: decreased total peripheral resistance, anaphylatic/allergies, trauma to CV center, neurogenic and spetic

69
Q

obstructive shock

A

-obstruction of blood flow

>causes: pulmoaru embolism -> clot in lung/blood vessel

70
Q

Responses to shock

-renin- angiotensin-aldosterone system

A

-activation of renin- angiotensin-aldosterone system (triggered by decreased blood flow to kidneys)
>hormones increases Na+ reabsorption -> water reabosorption -> increased blood volume -> increases blood pressure

71
Q

Responses to shock

-ADH

A

-triggered by decrease blood pressure

>ADH -> increases water reabsorption in kidneys -> conserves blood volume -> vasocontriction

72
Q

Responses to shock

-ANS sympathetic

A

-ANS
>triggered by baroreceptors
>releases NE and E
>vasocontriction, icnreased heart rate and contractility

73
Q

Reponses to shock

- local vasodilators

A

-relax precapillary spincters -> increases blood flow BUT decreases blood pressure (decreased total peripheral resistance)

74
Q

Typically response to shock are _ feedback

A

negative

75
Q

max amount of blood loss body can compensate for

A

10%

76
Q

Shock symptoms decreases in:

A

-decreased: systolic blood pressure, pulse, skin temperature, urine, pH, digestive organ activity

77
Q

Shock symptoms increases in:

A

-increased: resting heart rate, E/NE blood concentration, sweating, vasoconstriction, thrist, nausea

78
Q

hyperemia

A

when blood flow to a tissue increases

79
Q

active hyperemia

A

blood flow to a tissue increases in response to an increase in metabolic activity

80
Q

reactive hyperemia

A

blood flow to a tissue increases in response to a temporary blockage of the blood supply to that area

81
Q

Activation of the β2 receptors causes the arterioles to __

A

to vasodilate

82
Q

Activation of the α1 receptors causes the arterioles to __

A

to vascoconstrict

83
Q

Factor Influencing Blood Pressure

>Cardiac Output (neurotransmitters)

A

Norepinephrine Epinephrine

>Increased heart rate and contractility therefore increasing blood pressure

84
Q

Factor Influencing Blood Pressure

>Total Peripheral Resistance (vasoconstriction)

A

Angiotensin II, Antidiuretic hormone (vasopressin) Norepinephrine* Epinephrine†
>increase blood pressure

85
Q

Factor Influencing Blood Pressure

>Total Peripheral Resistance (vasodilation)

A

Atrial natriuretic peptide, Epinephrine†, Nitric oxide

>decrease blood pressure

86
Q

Factor Influencing Blood Pressure

> Blood Volume (increase)

A

Aldosterone Antidiuretic hormone

>increases blood pressure

87
Q

Factor Influencing Blood Pressure

> Blood Volume (decrease)

A

Atrial natriuretic peptide

>decreases blood pressure

Cardiovascular Physiology (14 decks)

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