Fewell - Cardiovascular (Introduction) 2021 Flashcards
Cardiovascular System (primary roles)
- maintaining homeostasis through the transport of
nutrients and dissolved gases to tissues - removal of by-products of metabolism via kidney/exhalation
(goal of transport)
Goal of transport
match supply to demand
Cardiovascular System (secondary roles)
> _regulation
>_signaling via _
> _ responses
(also maintaining homeostatic mechanisms)
• body temperature regulation
• chemical signaling to cells via hormones
• immune responses
Integration of Heart, Blood and Vessels in cardiovascular system
The heart (a pump) that generates the pressure needed to circulate blood (a heterogeneous liquid) through vessels (a set of containers) to the tissues
Congestive heart failure
failure of the heart as a pump
embolus
failure of the blood as an effective liquid organ
stroke/haemorrhage
failure of the vasculature as a competent container (blood leaves vessels?)
-sudden loss of consciousness resulting when the rupture or occlusion of a blood vessel leads to oxygen lack in the brain
atherosclerosis
failure of the vasculature as an efficient distribution system (maybe due to plaques?)
coronary artery disease
- most common type of heart disease
- impacts more men than women
Great Way to preventing Heart Disease
-adopting healthy behaviors
Dual Pump
the heart drives the blood into two serial & closed circuits
systemic circulation
high pressure blood circulation
-unidirectional flow via flap valves
pulmonary circulation
lower pressure blood circulation
-unidirectional flow via flap valves
purpose of flap valves
cause unidirectional blood flow
when does the heart rest?
Never if it does we die within minutes (unlike other organs)
Blood Flow
Blood from areas of high pressure to areas of low pressure
-high pressure leaving heart via aorta and dissipates as blood moves to tissues than venules to venae cavae
Circulatory System Containers (artery side)
atrial side are high pressure and therefore have thicker vessels to prevent bursting, elastic artery can expand and contract
Circulatory System Containers (veine side)
lower pressure therefore less thick
location of heart > found in the chest's \_\_\_\_ >middle region \_\_\_\_ >ventral \_\_\_ >posterior \_\_\_\_
interior-> chest -> mediastinum middle region -> thorax ventral -> behind sternum Posterior -> behind spinal cord -sternum and spinal cord are boney protection
size of the human heart
about the size of a fist
skeleton of the heart
- fibrous tissue rings that serves as a semi-rigid support for the valves (inside of 4 rings)
- servers as an attachment/anchor for cardiac muscles
which ventricule is thicker and why
thicker muscles and how to do more work than right ventricle
Right ventricle
thinner compared to left ventricle
Atrioventricular valves
valves lie between atria and ventricles
- triscusped valve
- bicusped valve
Tricuspid Valve
between right atria & right ventricle (3 cusps or flaps)
Bicuspid or Mitral Valve
between left atria & left ventricle (2 cusps or flaps)
Semilunar Valves
valves lie between ventricles and great arteries
- pulmonary valve
- aortic valve
Pulmonary Valve
– between right ventricle and pulmonary trunk (3 cusps or flaps)
Aortic Valve
– between left ventricle and aorta (3 cusps or flaps)
how are the valves/cusps shaped?
like half-moons
where are there no valves
no valves are the blood comes back from the lungs?????
how do valves close
passively
coronary arteries (why is it unqiure)
heart is the only organ that supplies its on blood flow
Coronary Veins return to heart via?
blood that was feeding the heart returns to the right side by draining into the coronary sinus
chordae tendinea
function like parachute cords
- puts tension via cords on the valves
- provide rigidity to vavles
walls of the heart
- left ventricle has thick walls
- going from cavity outwards
pericardium -anatomy
>_ sac keeps _
> _ membrane makes _
Two layers:
• A loose fitting inextensible,
fibrous sac that surrounds the
heart and is attached to the
great vessels (keeps the heart in place and from overextending)
• A serous membrane that lines the fibrous sac with serous fluid (parietal) and
covers the heart (visceral) (produce protein containing fluid that lubricates heart to avoid rubbing on surrounding body)
Serous membranes
- line and enclose several body cavities, know as serous cavities where they
secrete a lubricating fluid which reduces friction from movement (pericardial fluid 10-15 mL).
Serous fluid
– fluid secreted by serous membranes that reduce friction in serous cavities.
how to fix pericardial effusion
fix with putting a needle into the chest
Pericardium - Function >maintenance of _ and _ > separation from _ >protection from_ >facilation of _
• Maintenance of cardiac position • Separation from surrounding tissues in mediastinum • Protection against ventricular dilatation • Maintenance of low transmural pressures • Facilitation of ventricular interdependence
Blood Pressure 120/80 means
systolic (120) vs diastyolic (80)
- healthy blood pressure
- units mm Hg
pressure
is the amount of force acting per unit
area.
Stephen Hales
measured blood pressure in the house
-see how high atrial pressure in the horse pushed to mercury
