Fewell - Shock & Heart Failure

Question 1

shock is a

Answer 1

violent disturbance of homeostasis

Question 2

shock occurs when

Answer 2

there is a failure of the cardiovascular system to transport enough oxygen and nutrients to meet the metabolic needs of the body

Question 3

shock is fixed by

Answer 3

altering defusion pressure?

Question 4

Consequences of shock

Answer 4

Inadequate perfusion -> cell hypoxia -> energy deficit -> lactic acid accumulation and fall in pH (anerobic metabolism) -> metabolic acidosis (vasconstriction causing pooling of blood) -> cell membrane dysfunction and failure of “sodium pumo” -> intracellular lysosomes release disgestive enzymes (efflux of K+ and influx of Na+ and H2O) -> toxic substances enter circulation -> capillary endothelium damged -> detruction, dysfunction and cell death

Question 5

Hypovolemic Shock caused by

Answer 5

caused by low blood volume

e.g., acute hemorrhage

Question 6

Vascular Shock caused by

Answer 6

due to inappropriate vasodilation

e.g., Anaphylactic & Septic Shock

Question 7

Obstructive Shock caused by

Answer 7

due to obstruction of blood flow

e.g., Pulmonary Embolus

Question 8

Cardiogenic Shock caused by

Answer 8

due to poor heart function

e.g., heart failure

Question 9

Signs & Symptoms of Shock
> _ is decreased
> _ is rapid
> _ is weak
>skin is _,_ and _
> mental state is _
>unrine is _
> thirst is _
>pH _
>nausea is _

Answer 9

• Systolic blood pressure is decreased
• Resting heart rate is rapid
• Pulse is weak
• Skin is cool & pale
• Skin is clammy
• Mental state is altered
• Urine formation is reduced
• Person is thirsty
• The pH of blood is decreased
• Person is experiencing nausea

Question 10

Sign

Answer 10

– a health issue that can be observed/measured (e.g., decreased blood pressure)

Question 11

Symptom

Answer 11

subjective experience of a health issue (e.g., dizzy, pain, thirsty)

Question 12

driving pressure definition

Answer 12

the different between pressures of arteries entering the organ and veines leaving it

Question 13

heart can only function as a pump with___ and __

Answer 13

sufficient blood volume (5L)
and
windkessel effect (expanding during systole and returning to shape during diastole causing constant prefusion pressure)

Question 14

try labeling a blank wigger digram

Question 15

during heart failure there is a ____ stroke volume at __ or ____ cardiac filling pressure

Answer 15

decreased, normal, elevated

Question 16

Heart failure

>causes of reduced ejection fraction (systolic dysfunction)

Answer 16

imparied contractility and increased afterload (chronic pressure overload)
>fill the heart to normal volume but not pumping out enough blood (reduced stroke volume maybe due to increased afterload)

Question 17

Heart failure

>causes of preserved ejection fraction

Answer 17

diastolic dysfunction
or impaired diastolic filling
(ejecting is alright but ejecting not enough blood)