Lecture 3 Flashcards
What type of data are vital signs
-objective
What are the 4 vital signs that are internationally recognized and accepted in medicine
-respiration (ventilation)
-pulse or heart rate
-blood pressure
-temperatire
3 other vital signs
-pulse oximetry
-pain rating scales
-level of perceived exertion
What are vital signs used to establish
-baseline physiological information
-physiological response to activity
-patients immediate health risk
-emergency cardiac or respiratory interventions
What is the goal of heart rate
-to determine the clients physiological response to activity
What to assess to obtain an accurate picture of a clients cardiac response to an activity
-resting HR
-activity HR
-recovery HR
What characteristics are documented for heart rate
-rate
-rhythm
-intensity
What is heart rate
-the indirect measure of the rate and rhythm of contraction of left ventricle
What to keep in mind if measuring the carotid pulse
-stand on same side as artery, never reach across patient
-do not press too hard
-never palpate bilateral carotid arteries, can potentially cut off blood supply
What to keep in mind while palpating the radial and brachial pulse
-support left arm on stable surface at level of heart with elbow extended and forearm supinated
-use 2nd and 3rd digits to palpate
Safety with heart rate and exercise
-HR increases with progressive workloads at a rate of 10 bpm per 1 MET
-HR should decrease by at least 12 beats during first minute of recovery
-HR should decrease by 22 beats by end of second minute of recovery
3 ways that ventilation is characterized
-rate
-pattern
-mechanics
Ventilation rate
-number of breaths per min
Respiration patterns
-eupnea
-tachypnea
-bradypnea
-apnea
Eupnea
-normal breathing pattern
Tachypnea
-elevated ventilatory rate
Bradypnea
-low ventilatory rate
Apnea
-absence of ventilation
What is the inspiratory to expiratory ratio
-ratio of time for inspiration vs expiration
Normal inspiratory to expiratory rate
-1:2 or 1:3
What is blood pressure
-physiological variable which reflects the effects of cardiac output, peripheral vascular resistance and haemodynamic factors
What is blood pressure measured in
-millimeters of mercury (mmHg)
Systolic pressure
-the pressure at the time of contraction of the left ventricle
Diastolic pressure
-the pressure at the time of ventricular filling
What are Korotkoff sounds
-assessment of blood pressure by auscultation using a sphygmomanometer and a stethoscope
What is the systolic pressure indicated by
-first faint clear tapping sounds heard upon gradually releasing the air in the cuff
What is the diastolic pressure indicated by
-disappearance of all sounds
-last sound heard
Safety with blood pressure
-SBP increases with increasing workloads at a rate of 10 mmHg per 1 MET
-normally no change in DBP or slight during exercise
-post exercise SBP returns to pre exercise levels or lower by 6 min of recovery
What are serious warnings in blood pressure during exercise
-systolic greater than 250 mmHg
-diastolic greater than 115 mmHg
-drop in systolic pressure of more than 10 mmHg from baseline
-failure of systolic pressure to increase with increasing workload
How many phases of blood pressure sounds are there
-5
Phase 1 BP
-faint clear tapping sound heard
-systolic
-initial flow of blood thought artery as constriction of artery is released
Phase 2 BP
-softer sound
Phase 3 BP
-louder and more crisp sound
Phase 4 BP
-sound changes from crisp to muffled
Phase 5 BP
-cessation of sound
-diastolic
What is oxygen saturation
-estimates how much oxygen is travelling through your red blood cells
What should oxygen saturation be
-95-100%
What SpO2 is considered exercise-induced hypoxemia
-decrease in SpO2 greater than or equal to 5% during exercise
What might contraction of accessory muscles during inspiration look like
-visible raising of the shoulders and sternum as a part of breathing pattern
What are the inspiratory muscles of breathing
-scalenes
-pectoralis major
-sternocleidomastoid
-upper trap
-levator scap
-pectoralis minor
-rhomboids
What are the expiratory muscles of breathing
-quadratus lumborum
-internal oblique
-rectus abdominus
-external oblique
-transverse abdominis
What are the 2 perceived exertion scales we have used in this class
-borg
-CR10 scale
Borg scale
-6-20
CR10 scale
-0-10
Normal temperature for healthy adults
-35.5-37.5 degrees celsius
Normal temperature for healthy older adults
-35-37.2 degrees celsius
What type of relationship do heart rate and blood pressure have
-inverse
Hyperventilation
-rapid and deep breaths
Hypoventilation
-shallow slow breaths
Cheyne-Stokes respirations
-going from very deep to very shallow periods
Kussmauls breathing
-abnormally deep, regular, and increased in rate
Blots breathing
-abnormally shallow for 2-3 breaths
-followed by irregular period of apnea
Factors that may affect heart rate
-age
-sex
-fever
-pain
-stress
-digestion
-medications
-hypovolemia (blood loss)
-hypoxia and hypoxemia
-electrolyte balance
Factors affecting respiratory rate and depth
-age
-exercise
-illness processes
-medications
-pain
-emotions
Factors that affect oxygen saturation
-lung disease
-decreased circulation
-hypotension
