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PSYC 342 > Lecture 3 > Flashcards

Lecture 3 Flashcards

1
Q
A
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2
Q

Hormones travel around the body through ____ and can travel up to __m

A

the bloodstream; 2m

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3
Q

What metaphors were presented to distinguish between neural and hormonal communication?

A
  • neural: train on tracks (fast but only one path)
  • hormonal: bikes (go anywhere but slowly)
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4
Q

What is intracrine communication/mediation?

A
  • intracrine substances regulate intracellular events
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5
Q

What is autocrine communication/mediation?

A
  • autocrine substances feed back to influence same cells that secreted them (ex steroid hormones have receptors for their own secreted products)
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6
Q

What is paracrine communication/mediation? What is one example?

A
  • paracrine cells secrete chemicals that affect adjacent cells
  • ex neurons!
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7
Q

What is endocrine communication/mediation?

A
  • secrete chemicals into bloodstream where they may travel to distant targets
  • main comm. mode of hormones!
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8
Q

What is ectocrine communication/mediation?

A
  • ectocrine substances (eg pheromones) are released into environment to communicate w others
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9
Q

Match the term to the definition:
Any substance produced by a cell that affects function of another cell

Chemical messenger, Cytokine, Hormone, Neurohormone, Neuromodulator, Neuropeptide, Neurosteroid, Neurostransmitter

A

chemical messenger

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10
Q

Match the term to the definition:
A peptide hormone produced by a neuron

Chemical messenger, Cytokine, Hormone, Neurohormone, Neuromodulator, Neuropeptide, Neurosteroid, Neurostransmitter

A

neuropeptide

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11
Q

Match the term to the definition:
A chemical messenger that acts across the neural synapse

Chemical messenger, Cytokine, Hormone, Neurohormone, Neuromodulator, Neuropeptide, Neurosteroid, Neurostransmitter

A

neurotransmitter

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12
Q

Match the term to the definition:
A chemical messenger that is released into blood and affects function of target cells some distance from source

Chemical messenger, Cytokine, Hormone, Neurohormone, Neuromodulator, Neuropeptide, Neurosteroid, Neurostransmitter

A

hormone

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13
Q

Match the term to the definition:
A hormone produced by a neuron

Chemical messenger, Cytokine, Hormone, Neurohormone, Neuromodulator, Neuropeptide, Neurosteroid, Neurostransmitter

A

neurohormone

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14
Q

Match the term to the definition:
A hormone that changes the response of a neuron to some other factors (eg testosterone)

Chemical messenger, Cytokine, Hormone, Neurohormone, Neuromodulator, Neuropeptide, Neurosteroid, Neurostransmitter

A

neuromodulator

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15
Q

Match the term to the definition:
A chemical messenger that evokes proliferation of other cells, esp. in immune system

Chemical messenger, Cytokine, Hormone, Neurohormone, Neuromodulator, Neuropeptide, Neurosteroid, Neurostransmitter

A

cytokine

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16
Q

Match the term to the definition:
A steroid hormone produced by a neuron

Chemical messenger, Cytokine, Hormone, Neurohormone, Neuromodulator, Neuropeptide, Neurosteroid, Neurostransmitter

A

neurosteroid

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17
Q

(T/F) Endocrine glands can communicate through ducts

A

FALSE
ductless so rely on blood vessels and exocrine glands for communication!

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18
Q

(T/F) endocrine glands have a rich blood supply

A

TRUE

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19
Q

(T/F) glands can be both endocrine and exocrine

A

TRUE (ex pancreas)

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20
Q

(T/F) hormone receptors can be located within the cell

A

TRUE (embedded in membrane or within cell)

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21
Q

What is “resistance” in relation to hormones?

A
  • insufficient receptors can cause endocrine deficiency
  • ex insulin resistance in T2 diabetes
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22
Q

What is “cross-reaction”?

A

when blood conc of hormone is high, binding w receptors specific for another related hormone can occur

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23
Q

Peptide hormones :
- are (water/lipid) soluble
- (can/t) pass through cell membrane without binding to surface receptor
- (need/don’t need) carrier proteins to be transported in blood

A
  • are water soluble
  • CAN’T pass thru membrane (use exocytosis)
  • don’t need carrier proteins to travel in blood
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24
Q

Steroid hormones :
- are (water/lipid) soluble
- (can/t) pass through cell membrane without binding to surface receptor
- (need/don’t need) carrier proteins to be transported in blood

A
  • are lipid soluble
  • CAN pass thru membrane (via diffusion)
  • NEED carrier proteins to travel in blood
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25
Q

Catecholamines (tyrosine derivative) are very similar to _______

A

peptide hormones

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26
Q

Thyroid hormones (tyrosine derivative) are very similar to _____

A

steroid hormones

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27
Q

2 main examples of peptide hormones

A

insulin, parathyroid hormone

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28
Q

3 main examples of steroid hormones

A

estrogen, androgens, cortisol

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29
Q

2 main examples of catecholamines

A

epinephrine, norepinephrine

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30
Q

1 example of thyroid hormones

A

thyroxine (T4)

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31
Q

What is the main function regulated by secretion of the hypothalamus?

A
  • control of hormone secretions
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32
Q

What is the main function regulated by secretion of the pineal gland?

A
  • reproductive maturation, body rhythms
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33
Q

What is the main function regulated by secretion of the anterior and posterior pituitary?

A
  • ant: hormone secretion by thyroid, adrenal cortex, gonads; growth
  • post: water and salt balance
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34
Q

What is the main function regulated by secretion of the thyroid?

A
  • growth and development, metabolic rate
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35
Q

What is the main function regulated by secretion of the adrenal glands (cortex and medulla)?

A
  • cortex: salt/carb metabolism, inflammatory rxns
  • medulla: emotional arousal
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36
Q

What is the main function regulated by secretion of the pancreas (islets of Langerhans)?

A
  • sugar metabolism
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37
Q

What is the main function regulated by secretion of the gut?

A
  • digestion and appetite control
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38
Q

What is the main function regulated by secretion of the gonads?

A
  • body dev, maintenance of reproductive organs (adults)
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39
Q

What is the main function regulated by secretion of the placenta?

A
  • auxiliary organ to produce hormones necessary for embryonic development
40
Q

What are the main releasing hormones of the hypothalamus? (6)

A
  • thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)
  • growth hormone releasing hormone (GHRH)
  • gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH)
  • melanotropin releasing hormone (MRH)
  • corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH)
  • kisspeptin
41
Q

What are the main inhibiting hormones of the hypothalamus? (3)

A
  • somatostatin (GH inhibiting hormone; GHIH)
  • gonadotropin inhibitory hormone (GnIH)
  • dopamine (DA)
42
Q

Corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH) is synthesized within the _____ and stimulates the secretion of ______

A

hypothalamus; adrenocorticotropic hormoen

43
Q

Gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) is synthesized within the _____ and controls release of ____ and ___

A

hypothalamus; luteinising hormone (LH) and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)

44
Q

Growth hormone releasing hormone (GHRH) is synthesized within the ____ and stimulates secretion of ____

A

hypothalamus; growth hormone

45
Q

Thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) is synthesized within the ___ and stimulates cells in anterior pituitary to release____

A

hypothalamus; thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)

46
Q

Melanotropin releasing hormone (MRH) is made in the ____ and stimulates the release of _____

A

hypothalamus; melanotropin

47
Q

Kisspeptin is made in the ___ and plays a role in initiating secretion of _______

A

hypothalamus; gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)

48
Q

The suffix -tropin or -tropic means

A

nourishing

49
Q

Dopamine has (excitatory/inhibitory) actions in endocrine system

A

inhibitory (excitatory NT)

50
Q

In the endocrine system, dopamine acts as a primary ______ hormone

A

prolactin-inhibitory hormone

51
Q

Somatostatin (GHIH) is made in the ____ and acts to inhibit secretion of ____ and ____

A

hypothalamus; GH and thyroid-stim. hormone

52
Q

(T/F) all hypothalamic hormones go through the pituitary

A

TRUE

53
Q

Neurohormones from hypothalamus reach anterior pituitary via ______

A

the portal system

54
Q

Neurohormones from hypothalamus reach posterior pituitary via _____

A

direct innervations!

55
Q

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) is released from the _____ and stimultaes synthesis and release of ___, ___ and ___ from adrenal glands

A

anterior pituitary; glucocorticoids, mineralcorticoids, and androgenic steroids

56
Q

Growth hormone is released from the ____ and acts to promote ___

A

anterior pituitary; linear growth

57
Q

Prolactin (PRL) is released from the ____ and promotes ______

A

anterior pituitary; additional breast dev and milk synthesis

58
Q

Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) is released form the _____ and stimulates release of ___ hormone

A

anterior pituitary; thyroid hormone

59
Q

Luteinizing hormone (LT) and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) are released from the ___ and regulate function of _____

A

anterior pituitary; gonads

60
Q

Hypothalamic projections are shorter into (anterior/posterior) pituitary

A

anterior! (posterior is quicker bc longer projections that directly innervate pituitary)

61
Q

____ and ____ are stored in vesicles @ axon terminals of posterior pituitary

A

oxytocin and vasopressin

62
Q

Vasopressin (antidiuretic hormone; ADH) acts to ____

A

retain water in body! (constricts blood vessels during blood loss)

63
Q

Oxytocin plays a role in ___

A
  • reproductive functions (eg contractions)
  • suckling reflex
64
Q

The pineal gland’s main function is related to ______

A

control of circadian cycle of sleep/wake by secreting melatonin

65
Q

Melatonin is synthesized from ____

A

serotonin!

66
Q

What did prof say the thyroid gland looks like?

A

bubble tea

67
Q

Low levels of dietary ___ can result in reduced thyroid function and hypertrophy manifested as _____

A

iodine; swelling of neck

68
Q

4 key functions of thyroid hormones triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4)

A
  • reg. of body metabolism
  • control of dev. of brain and nervous system
  • sexual maturation
  • temperature regulation (varies thru seasons – why you feel colder at same temp in nov vs jan)
69
Q

Hyperthyroidism is an (over/under) active thyroid. This can cause:

A

OVER (can cause weight loss, hand tremor, fast HR, weaker periods)

70
Q

Hypothyroidism is an (over/under) active thyroid. This can cause:

A

UNDER (can cause weight gain, constipation, fatigue, cold sensitivity– Ronaldo had this)

71
Q

____ and ___ are both protein hormones of the thyroid and are directly controlled by blood Ca levels

A

parathyroid and calcitonin (CT)

72
Q

The pancreas consists of mostly _____ cells that produce and secrete digestive juices into intestines. It also contains islands of ___ tissue called ______.

A

exocrine; endocrine tissue called islets of Langerhans

73
Q

Islets of Langerhan contain 4 cell types:

A
  • alpha cells
  • beta cells
  • theta cells
  • polypeptide secreting cells
74
Q

Alpha cells in the pancreas produce _____ which acts in opposition to ____

A

glucagon; insulin (increases blood levels of glucose)

75
Q

Beta cells in the pancreas produce ____ which is the only known hormone that can _____

A

insulin; reduce blood sugar

76
Q

Theta cells in the pancreas produce ____ which inhibits the release of ___ and ___ locally in the pancreas

A

somatostatin; insulin and glucagon

77
Q

Distinguish diabetes type 1, 2, (and 3)

A

T1: genetic, shows up early in life, immune system destroys insulin producing cells in pancreas (beta cells)

T2: lifestyle related, body can’t make enough insulin bc you’re consuming too much sugar OR insulin you make doesn’t work properly

T3: alterations of metabolism in brain very common in Alzheimers

78
Q

The adrenal glands sit on top of the ____

A

kidneys

79
Q

The adrenal cortex has distinct cellular zones:
- zona ____ marked by whorls of epithelial cells
- zona ____ in which epithelial cells are organized in orderly bands
- zona ____ where epithelial cells have disorganized appearance

A
  • glomerulosa
  • fasciculata
  • reticularis
80
Q

Hormones from the adrenal medulla receive info via ___
Hormones from the adrenal cortex receive info via ____

A

innervations
bloodstream

81
Q

What are the 3 monoamine hormones released by the adrenal medulla? These function as part of the ___ NS

A
  • epinephrine, norepinephrine, dopamine
  • autonomic NS
82
Q

____ is released from the zona glomerulosa of the adrenal cortex in response to low blood sodium levels

A

aldosterone

83
Q

___ are released from the zona fasciculata of the adrenal cortex in response to ACTH stimulation from anterior pituitary

A

glucocorticoid hormones (steroids, lipid based)

84
Q

___ are often released from the zona reticularis of the adrenal cortex

A

sex steroid hormones

85
Q

Which part of the adrenal gland responds mainly to acute stressors and which to long term stress?

A
  • acute: medulla (epinephrine, norepinephrine, dopamine, enkephalins)
  • prolonged: cortex (aldosterone, glucocorticoid, sex steroid)
86
Q

What are the 2 main functions of the gonads?

A
  • production of gametes
  • production of hormones
87
Q

Hormones produced by the gonads are primarily ___ hormones

A

steroid

88
Q

___ cells are interstitial cells btw seminiferous tubules in testes that produce androgens in response to LH from anterior pituitary

A

Leydig

89
Q

What are the 3 main functional subunits of the ovaries

A
  • Follicles: epithelial cell lined sacs that contain an egg
  • Corpora lutea: secrete progestogens which support uterine lining
  • Stroma: connective tissue of endocrine glands
90
Q

Why do we say endocrine cells in the gut have a primitive organization?

A
  • scattered throughout the gut
91
Q

What are the 4 main gastrointestinal hormones?

A
  • Secretin: stimulates pancreas to help digestion
  • Cholecystokinin (CCK): may be involved in satiation
  • Gastrin: induces secretion of water/electrolytes by stomach, pancreas, liver
  • Ghrelin: stimulates GHRH release from ant. pituitary
92
Q

Negative feedback: a regulatory system that tends to ____ a process when its effects are pronounced by ____

Positive feedback: a regulatory process that tends to ____ an ongoing process by ______ in response to the end product

A

stabilize; reducing its rate or output
accelerate; increasing production

93
Q

Up-regulation: a process similar to (pos/neg) feedback in which a hormone causes _____

Down-regulation: (under/over)production of a hormone can cause _____ or _____

A

positive feedback; increase in production of receptors for that hormone

OVERproduction; occupation or reduce # of hormone receptors

94
Q

When a hormone binds to a receptor, it forms the _____

A

hormonal complex

95
Q
A

PSYC 342 (11 decks)

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