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PSYC 342 > Chapter 8 > Flashcards

Chapter 8 Flashcards

1
Q

Sexual behaviours are defines as a set of actions with the primary aim of ____

A

ensuring that the sperm is delivered successfully to the ova

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2
Q

Distinguish appetitive and consummatory behaviours

A
  • appetitive: bring individual into contact w goal at hand (eg sexually receptive individual)
  • consummatory: performed when in contact w primary goal (species specific and probably innate)
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3
Q

Define these components of male sexual behaviors in animal models:
- mount latency:
- intermission latency:
- ejaculation latency:
- postejaculatory refractory period:

A
  • mount latency: time from when introduced to female and first mount
  • intermission latency: time from first engaging in sex and penile penetration
  • ejaculation latency: time btw first penetration and ejaculation
  • postejaculatory refractory period: between ejaculation and restoring libido to want to engage again
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4
Q

Define these components of female sexual behaviors in animal models:
- attractivity:
- proceptivity:
- receptivity:

A
  • attractivity: stimulus value of female to male
  • proceptivity: extent to which female will initiate encounter
  • receptivity: state of responsiveness to sexual initiation of male (eg lordosis)
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5
Q

Shorter latencies (mount, intermission, ejaculation) indicate (weaker/stronger) sex drive

A

STRONGER

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6
Q

exposure to female pheromones (increases/reduces) mount latency

A

decreases

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7
Q

testosterone injections (increase/decrease) mount latency

A

decrease

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8
Q

(T/F) estrogen can illicit sexual behaviours in males

A

TRUE (hypothesized that T exerts effects after being converted into estradiol via aromatase)

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9
Q

Lesions to the ____ reduce or eliminate male sexual behaviour in virtually every vertebrate species

A

preoptic area (POA)

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10
Q

Drugs that increase dopamine synthesis or stimulate postsynaptic dopamine receptor sites (eg MDMA/molly) have what effect on sexual behaviour?

A

facilitate sexual behaviour in males (increased libido, emotional warmth, etc)

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11
Q

Dopamine in mPOA is associated with _____

A

higher copulation (regardless of testosterone concentrations)

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12
Q

(T/F) in men, sexual desire implies sexual arousal

A

FALSE, don’t need to be aroused to experience desire

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13
Q

What are the 2 stages of sexual arousal in men?

A
  • physiological arousal
  • subjective awareness that one is aroused
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14
Q

How can we measure sexual desire in men?

A
  • questionnaires, surveys, etc
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15
Q

How can we measure sexual arousal in men (4)?

A
  • objective measures like HR and BP, latency to orgasm, measurement of erection via penile plethysmograph (used to be used to prevent men from avoiding military by saying they were gay and to try to catch pedophiles)
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16
Q

For hypogonadal men (men w low T), what effect do testosterone injections have?

A
  • more sex drive/sexual behaviours
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17
Q

(T/F) T always increases sexual behaviours and libido in human men

A

FALSE, once a threshold is achieved (low normal range) more T has no additional effect

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18
Q

What are the 4 phases of the human menstrual cycle and what days does each phase span?

A
  1. Menstrual Phase (days 1-5)
  2. Proliferative (Follicular) Phase (days 6-14)
  3. Ovulation (day 14ish)
  4. Secretory Phase (days 15-28)
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19
Q

What occurs during the menstrual phase of the human menstrual cycle?

A
  • uterine lining sheds in response to decrease in estrogen and progesterone levels
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20
Q

What occurs during the proliferative/follicular phase of the human menstrual cycle?

A
  • in response to FSH, ovaries produce increasing amounts of estrogen
  • stimulates growth of uterine lining
21
Q

What occurs during the ovulation phase of the human menstrual cycle?

A
  • triggered by surge in LH from pituitary
  • most fertile period of cycle
22
Q

What occurs during the secretory phase of the human menstrual cycle?

A
  • secretion of progesterone from corpus luteum helps to further thicken endometrium
  • if no implantation, corpus luteum regresses which leads to decline in progesterone (and estrogen)
23
Q

Women in the follicular phase (more estrogen) are attracted to (more/less) masculine faces

A

MORE

24
Q

When in the menstrual cycle are women more likely to have short-term encounters and to flirt with men other than their current partner?

A

follicular phase

25
Q

When in the menstrual cycle do women show a strong preference for apparent health displayed in male faces? Which women is this effect more powerful for?

A
  • luteal phase (secretory phase)
  • pregnant women or women taking oral contraceptive
26
Q

High levels of progesterone in women are associated with preferences for ___ in male faces and (more/less) commitment to their relationships

A

femininity; more

27
Q

What were the findings from the study that had women wear t shirts during lutheal vs follicular phase of their cycle and had men rate shirts for sexiness and pleasantness?

A
  • rated follicular shirt higher!
  • even higher if shirt was worn during actual ovulation
  • results replicated w ratings of pictures of women w high vs low estrogen levels
28
Q

What are the active and inactive pill phases of oral contraceptives?

A
  • active: days 1-21, prevent ovulation by inhibiting release of FSH and LH from pituitary (estrogen stays low and progesterone stays high)
  • inactive: placebo, days 22-28, progesterone drops, menstruation occurs, slight increase in estrogen to reset cycle
29
Q

Women NOT taking oral contraceptives show a preference for (masculine/feminine) faces in the context of short term relationships. Women TAKING oral contraceptives show a preference for ___ faces

A

masculine; no preference

30
Q

Men are more attracted to women in the ___ phase of the menstrual cycle. How does this change for women taking oral contraceptives?

A
  • fertile (follicular) phase
  • more stable for women on pill (no cycling attractiveness)
31
Q

Close to ___chemicals are known or suspected to be capable
of interfering with hormone receptors, hormone synthesis or
hormone conversion

A

800!

32
Q

Endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) are an (endogenous/exogenous) substance that alters functions of the ___ and consequently causes ____

A

exogenous; endocrine system; causes adverse health effects in intact organism or its progeny

33
Q

(T/F) EDCs can interfere in almost all aspects of the endocrine system

A

TRUE

34
Q

What are 7 examples of categories where EDCs are often found?

A
  • pesticides
  • children’s products
  • food contact materials (eg BPA)
  • electronics and building materials
  • personal care products
  • antibacterials
  • textiles/clothing
35
Q

What are Persistent Organochlorine Pollutants (POPs)?

A
  • substances that persist long time in environment and have high level of toxicity for human health
  • can bioaccumulate in fatty tissue!
36
Q

What are 4 examples of Persistent Organochlorine Pollutants (POPs)?

A
  • polychlorinated biphenyls
  • organochlorine pesticides (OCPs)
  • plasticizers & nonyphenols (eg BPA)
  • heavy metals (problem in Mtl!!)
37
Q

BPA stands for _____. It is found in ___

A

Bisphenol A; found in plasticizers

38
Q

What negative effects has BPA been linked to?

A
  • deletorious mechanisms on estrogen and androgen receptors
  • hormone-related side effects including infertility and prostate cancer
39
Q

Sensitivity to endocrine disruption is highest during which phase of development?

A
  • during tissue development
40
Q

(T/F) effects of exposures to EDCs go away when EDC is removed

A

only true for adult exposures

41
Q

How can EDCs impact female reproductive functions?

A
  • act as antagonists of estrogen and progesterone receptors
42
Q

How can EDCs impact male reproductive functions(4)?

A
  • decrease in sperm count and motility
  • undescended testis
  • prostate and testicular cancer
  • inhibition of 5a-reductase
43
Q

What is 5a-reductase deficiency?

A
  • inhibition of DHT conversion from T
  • DHT critical for genital fusion
  • males w 5a-reductase enzyme inhibited may undergo incomplete differentiation of external genetalia
  • exposures to EDCs ass w higher incidence do this deficiency
44
Q

Recent evidence suggests that EDCs are leading to what changes in Y/X ratio of live spermatozoa?

A
  • lower (less Y chromosomes!!)
45
Q

How can EDCs impact thyroid hormones?

A
  • disrupt prod, transport, metabolism and signaling
  • ass w hyper/hypothyroidism and thyroid cancer
46
Q

How can EDCs impact fat tissue hormones?

A
  • disrupt hypothalamic control of food intake and energy balance
  • bioaccumulate in body fat and lead to obesity
47
Q

How can EDCs impact adrenal hormones?

A
  • disrupt various steps in adrenocortical steroidogenic pathway
  • interfere w synthesis of cortisol and adrenaline (leads to hormone imbalance)
48
Q

How are EDCs linked to type 2 diabetes?

A
  • increased risk for T2 diabetes
  • cause glucose tolerance and disruption in insulin secretion
49
Q
A

PSYC 342 (11 decks)

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