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PSYC 342 > Chapter 5 > Flashcards

Chapter 5 Flashcards

1
Q

Prolactin is primarily produced by the ____ in response to _____

A

anterior pituitary; prolactin-releasing factor (prod by hypothalamus)

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2
Q

What is the main role of prolactin in females?

A
  • lactating and milk production after childbirth
  • levels rise steadily during pregnancy to prepare
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3
Q

What are 3 main roles of prolactin in males?

A
  • regulation of immune system
  • metabolism
  • reproduction (sperm prod and reg of T levels)
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4
Q

Oxytocin is primarily produced in the ___ and released by the _____

A

hypothalamus; posterior pituitary gland

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5
Q

What are 4 key roles of oxytocinin females?

A
  • stimulates uterine contractions during labor and promotes ejection of milk during breastfeeding
  • maternal behaviour (attachment)
  • stress regulation (attenuates release of stress hormones)
  • social behaviours (eg empathy, generosity, social cog)
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6
Q

Estradiol (from the same family as ____), is primarily produced by the ______

A

estrogen; ovaries (small amounts in testes for men)

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7
Q

What is the role of estradiol in women?

A
  • development and maintenance of reproductive tissues
  • influences secondary sexual characteristics
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8
Q

At which phase in the menstrual cycle do estradiol levels rise?

A

follicular phase (before ovulation)

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9
Q

How is estradiol synthesized in men?

A
  • testosterone converted to estradiol through action of enzyme aromatase
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10
Q

Progesterone is mainly produced by the _____

A

corpus luteum in the ovary after ovulation

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11
Q

In women, progesterone helps _____

A

prepare uterine lining for implantation

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12
Q

During pregnancy, progesterone is primarily produced by the _____

A

placenta

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13
Q

In both men and women, small amounts of progesterone are also produced by the ______. These hormones play various roles, including ____ and ____

A

adrenal glands; regulating metabolism and stress response

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14
Q

At what phase of the menstrual cycle is progesterone the highest?

A

luteal phase (after ovulation)

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15
Q

At what phase of the menstrual cycle are LH and FSH highest?

A

right before ovulation (end of follicular phase)

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16
Q

Vasopressin (AKA _____) is a peptide hormone primarily produced in the _____ and released by the _____

A

antidiuretic hormone (ADH); hypothalamus; posterior pituitary gland

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17
Q

What role does vasopressin play in parental/social behaviour?

A
  • high levels ass w pair bonding, parental behaviour, aggression/territoriality, social recognition and memory
  • in some species is more important for affiliation than oxytocin! (esp males)
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18
Q

What did the contrasting gorilla zoo incidents demonstrate?

A
  • female gorillas who were lactating protected kids (high oxytocin)
  • make gorilla tried to drown screaming child (testosterone)
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19
Q

From an evolutionary perspective, the only currency of reproductive success is ______

A

production of successful offspring (so need to invest in care)

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20
Q

Parental behaviour can be defined as behaviours performed in relation to one’s offspring that _____

A

contribute directly to the survival of fertilized eggs or offspring that have left the body of the female

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21
Q

parental investment can be defined as the extent to which parents _____

A

compromise their ability to produce additional offspring in order to assist current offspring

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22
Q

In most species of mammals (males/females) are the choosier sex and invest the (least/most) in parental care

A

females; most

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23
Q

What is the difference between precocial and altricial born offspring?

A
  • Precocial: born @ advanced stage of dev, require little or no parental intervention for survival (ex guinea pigs still need to be fed but can walk and see)
  • Altricial: born @ early stage of dev, quite helpless and require substantial care to survive (ex kangaroos, dogs and rats who can’t regulate temp)
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24
Q

Humans are (precocials/altricials)

A

semi-precocials (able to thermoregulate which sets us apart from altricial species–this is why preemies need incubators)

25
Q

Parental investment theory argues that parental investment varies according to ____, ____ and ____

A

maturity at birth, number and survival fit

26
Q

What is lactational amenorrhea and what causes it? What other species is it similar in?

A
  • menstrual interruption when breastfeeding
  • high prolactin suppresses GnRH release
  • less GnRH leads to decreased LH by anterior pituitary
  • inadequate LH secretion inhibits progression of follicular phase so no ovulation!
  • similar in hens
27
Q

In what species are males as capable of females at providing parental care?

A

avians (birds)

28
Q

What are the 3 types of parenting models displayed in birds?

A
  • biparental
  • females only (chickens)
  • adoptive (alloparental care)
29
Q

increased blood concentrations of ____ are ass w broodiness in all female birds studied to date. How was this first discovered?

A
  • prolactin! (broody behaviour is maternal care)
  • blood serum from broody hen could induce a non incubating hen to sit on a clutch of eggs!
30
Q

After maternal behavior has been initiated by hormones, how is it maintained in hens?

A
  • any contact (even w young of another species)
  • cute picture of hen warming kittens w her wings
31
Q

When hens have higher levels of prolactin, the produce more ____

A

crop milk (secretions from lining of crop that is regurgitated to young)

32
Q

In birds, when do sex steroid hormones increase, peak, and decrease?

A
  • increase w onset of courtship behaviour
  • peak during time of egg laying
  • rapidly decrease to baseline prior to incubation
33
Q

In birds, when do prolactin levels increase, peak, and decrease?

A
  • IF EGG IS FERTILIZED:
  • increase at time of egg laying
  • remain high during incubation
  • decrease gradually during post-hatching care
34
Q

In alloparental birds, prolactin concentrations correlate with ____

A

amount of care provided to offspring

35
Q

How do prolactin levels differ in precocial vs altricial species?

A
  • precocial: decline at time of hatching
  • altricial: remain high throughout chick rearing (even longer for species w long absence from the nest like penguins)
36
Q

In mammals, which hormone is critical for the onset of maternal behavior?

A

estrogen!! (very elevated around time of birth)

37
Q

How do hormone concentrations in human pregnancy differ from other mammals?

A
  • high conc of both estradiol and progesterone throughout pregnancy
  • precipitous drop in concentration of both at parturition (believed to contribute to the onset of postpartum depression)
  • in rats and other species, estradiol keeps rising after parturition
38
Q

in mammals, oxytocin and endorphins increase around ____

A

time of parturition and stay high after!

39
Q

Why do we see elevated cortisol in mammalian pregancy?

A
  • can lower progesterone and suppress immune reactions of mother towards fetus!!
40
Q

(T/F) we can induce maternal behavior in rats via blood transfusion from new mother

A

FALSE, need sensitization first

41
Q

How does the hormonal control of maternal aggression differ from the control of other maternal behaviours?

A
  • usually requires presence of pups and not juts hormones
  • progesterone plays big role in mediating maternal aggression
42
Q

Within the CNS, receptors for oxytocin are found within the ______, ____and_____, and ____and_____

A

olfactory system, limbic-hypothalamic system and ventral forebrain, and in brainstem and spinal cord

43
Q

In first time human mothers, high cortisol is associated with ___ behaviours

A

approach (more affectionate w baby; find odor more appealing)
**don’t see this w more experienced mothers

44
Q

How is oxytocin associated with parental behaviour in humans?

A
  • high oxytocin ass w more affectionate contact in both parents
  • women w greatest increase in oxytocin as pregnancy progresses show highest levels of maternal bonding
45
Q

In men, (lower/higher) prolactin and (lower/higher) testosterone are associated with higher parental care

A

higher prolactin, lower testosterone (BUT T can promote paternal behaviour in some mice via conversion to estradiol)

46
Q

expectant human fathers have higher/lower:
- estradiol
- testosterone
- cortisol

A
  • higher estradiol
  • lower testosterone
  • lower cortisol
47
Q

Dr. Laura Glynn argues that ____ is a critical period in human female neurodevelopment

A

perinatal period (pregnancy)

48
Q

Pregnant women have an (increased/decreased) stress response. Why is this useful?

A
  • DECREASED
  • can protect fetus from effects of stress
  • enhances ability to deal w threats
49
Q

Social behaviour can be defined as interactions between individuals from which ____

A

one of more of the individuals benefit

50
Q

Affiliation is a form of social behaviour that eveolved from ___ and involves _____

A
  • evolved from parental behaviour
  • involves an individual’s motivation to approach and remain in close proximity with a conspecific
51
Q

What hormone plays a role in social familiarity (first stage of social bonding)?

A

oxytocin

52
Q

endogenous oxytocin is more important in pair formation in (males/females) while endogenous vasopressin is more important for (males/females)

A

females; males

53
Q

Oxytocin can give a “boost” in ____ and ____

A

romantic perception (see partner as more attractive) and affiliation

54
Q

Married men usually have (higher/lower) testosterone vs single men

A

lower! (polyamorous males have high levels similar to single)

55
Q

(T/F) high testosterone is ass w increased aggression across many species in males and females

A

TRUE

56
Q

testosterone’s influence on aggression can be influenced by ___ and ___

A

social context and sex

57
Q

When men (but not women) win, they have (increased/decreased) testosterone which leads to (more/less) aggressive behaviour

A

increased; more

58
Q
A

PSYC 342 (11 decks)

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