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PSYC 342 > Class 11 - Hormones and Cognition > Flashcards

Class 11 - Hormones and Cognition Flashcards

1
Q

(T/F) effects of hormones on learning and memory can be measured by directly assessing learning

A

FALSE, can only measure/quantify the results of learning

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2
Q

What are the 3 general components required to say something is a memory system?

A
  • enter info into storage (acquisition and consolidation)
  • retain info
  • retrieve info from storage
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3
Q

What are the 3 psychological components of learning and memory?

A
  • motivation
  • attention
  • arousal
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4
Q

What is the U-shaped function of memory?

A
  • inverted u-shape as function of arousal
  • memory best at medium arousal
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5
Q

(T/F) all types of memory require a nervous system

A

FALSE, think immune system and vaccines

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6
Q

Distinguish learning and memory

A
  • learning: adaptive change in behavior in response to experience
  • memory: information about past experience; needed for learning
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7
Q

What are the 4 stages of learning?

A
  • acquisition, consolidation, retrieval, extinction
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8
Q

What are 2 types of nonassociative learning?

A
  • sensitization (stimulus that originally provoked little-no response evokes stronger response after repeated presentation or single intense presentation)
  • habituation (decrease in response to a stimulus after repeated exposures)
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9
Q

What are 4 types of associative learning?

A
  • classical conditioning
  • operant conditioning
  • active avoidance (animal must do something to avoid a noxious situation)
  • passive avoidance (animal must suppress some behavior that would otherwise be exhibited)
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10
Q

Short-term memory persists for ____. ____ is the best way to move things from short-term into long-term memory.

A

seconds to minutes; rehearsing

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11
Q

Long-term memory lasts for _____. What is the upper capacity of long-term memory?

A
  • days, weeks, or years
  • NO upper limit in capacity!
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12
Q

Long-term memory can be divided into __ and __ memory

A

declarative (explicit) and procedural (implicit)

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13
Q

What are the 2 types of declarative memory?

A
  • episodic
  • semantic
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14
Q

What are the 3 types of procedural memory?

A
  • skill learning
  • priming
  • conditioning
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15
Q

Distinguish working memory, reference memory, and spatial memory

A
  • working is like declarative and short-term memory; involves short-term memory for info that changes on a regular basis
  • reference is associations/discriminations requiring repetitious learning (like learning the rules)
  • spatial memory encodes info ab environment and its orientation
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16
Q

What does a graph of the association btw epinephrine and memory look like?

A
  • inverted U-shape
  • low or high epinephrine impairs memory
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17
Q

The memory-enhancing effects of epinephrine are both ___ and __ dependent

A

dose and time (ex animals do better in avoidance situations after receiving moderate vs mild foot shock)

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18
Q

When is the best time to administer epinephrine for learning? What hypothesis is this consistent with?

A
  • immediately after training
  • consistent w hypothesis that epinephrine influences memory by potentiating the effects of noxious events
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19
Q

What are the 2 hypotheses for HOW epinephrine enhances memory?

A
  • activates peripheral receptors that directly influence brain function
  • affects memory via its effect on blood glucose levels
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20
Q

(T/F) epinephrine can cross the blood-brain barrier

A

FALSE, polar molecule (has to indirectly affect memory)

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21
Q

What is the pathway by which epinephrine affects memory via peripheral receptors?

A
  • acts via Beta-noradrenergic receptors which activate ascending neurons in vagus nerve (main nerve of parasympathetic NS)
  • neurons travel to nucleus of solitary tract which projects noradrenergic fibers to amygdala
  • amydgala modulates memory of emotional experiences by moderating memory consolidation via efferent connections to other brain regions
22
Q

What would happen if any part of the pathway by which epinephrine affects memory via peripheral receptors (b-noradrenergic receptors, vagus nerve, nucleus of solitary tract, amygdala) was BLOCKED?

A
  • prevents memory-enhancing effects of epinephrine
23
Q

Place these in order for the pathway by which epinephrine affects memory via peripheral receptors:

  • nucleus of the solitary tract
  • vagus nerve
  • amygdala
  • efferent connections to other brain regions
  • beta-noradrenergic receptors
A
  • beta-noradrenergic receptors
  • vagus nerve
  • nucleus of the solitary tract
  • amygdala
  • efferent connections to other brain regions
24
Q

What did the study on emotionally charged stories and hormones find?

A
  • b-adrenergic antagonist impairs memory of emotionally arousing stories
  • supports H that highly charged emotional memories require activation of b-adrenergic receptors!!!
25
Q

What is the likely role of epinephrine in PTSD?

A
  • variations among ppl in fear-learning/memory mechanisms AND responsiveness to nor/epinephrine may contribute to indiv variation in susceptibility to PTSD
26
Q

(T/F) the relationship btw memory and glucose levels is also a U-shaped curve

A

TRUE

27
Q

Glucose (enhances/inhibits) memory for avoidance learning

A

ENHANCES

28
Q

(T/F) the impact of glucose on memory is time dependent

A

TRUE (no effect at delay of 1h+)

29
Q

The agents most effective in enhancing human cognitive performance (learning + memory) share a common feature: ______

A

they all elevate blood glucose levels!

30
Q

Glucose release is a ________ step that occurs ___ to the release of epinephrine. The effects of glucose are ____ from the peripheral epinephrine receptors.

A
  • memory modulation step
  • subsequent to release of epinephrine
  • downstream
31
Q

Elevated blood glucose lvls permit more glucose to enter neurons which stimulates an increase in the release of ____

A

acetylcholine (excitatory neurotransmitter)

32
Q

Increases in ____ levels in brain synapses are characteristic of all known cognitive enhancers

A

acetylcholine

33
Q

The severe memory deficits in Alzheimer’s or AIDS are correlated w a marked reduction in _____. What was the study that supported this?

A
  • neurons that secrete acetylcholine
  • lemonade w glucose (but not saccharine) improved memory in elderly ppl (not young ppl)
34
Q

Research on glucose and memory suggests that the normal decline in memory during aging might reflect _____

A

a diminishing ability to regulate blood levels of glucose

35
Q

What are the cognitive effects of diabetes for:
- different age groups
- type of memory most affected
- T1 diabetes
- T2 diabetes

A
  • most pronounced in older ppl but still observed in YA
  • verbal memory most affected
  • In T1, cog impairments ass w chronic hyperglycemia and recurrence of hypoglycemia
  • In T2, onset of cog impairments could reflect disruptions in blood glucose metabolism or other related issues
36
Q

While it is unclear what exactly insulin does in the brain, we know that it has ____ effects

A

neuromodulatory

37
Q

Which type of diabetes negatively affects verbal/numerical reasoning, attention, concentration, verbal/visual memory, and verbal fluency

A

BOTH T1 and T2

38
Q

Diabetes can increase the risk of ___

A

dementia

39
Q

Impaired insulin signaling has been proposed as important in the development of ____ (sometimes called T3 diabetes)

A

Alzheimer’s

40
Q

Activation of insulin receptors in the brain are correlated with ____

A

associative learning

41
Q

Abnormal ___ levels and reduced number of _____ are common among Alzheimer’s patients w severe memory impairments

A

insulin; brain insulin receptors

42
Q

Glucose use (metabolism) is (increased/decreased) in patients w Alzheimer’s

A

reduced

43
Q

Impaired glucose metabolism can result in _____

A

memory problems ass w Alzheimer’s and dementia

44
Q

How does brief vs chronic exposure to glucocorticoids affect memory?

A
  • brief: enhances learning and memory
  • chronic: functions as amnesiac
45
Q

What were the findings of the morris water maze study with mice?

A
  • shocked 2m, 30m, or 4hr before test
  • glucocorticoids are released 20-30m after stress so animals in 30m group showed impaired performance (too much stress)
  • chronically stressed animals make more errors
  • glucocorticoid receptor agonist injections in hippocampus improves performance!
46
Q

generally, acute stress (impairs/improves) memory

A

improves

47
Q

The memory-enhancing effects of glucocorticoids appear to involve the ___

A

amygdala! (which modulates memory consolidation process)

48
Q

Glucocorticoid receptors in the ___ and the ___ have a role in memory and learning

A

hippocampus and amygdala

49
Q

(high/low) corticosterone concentrations damage the hippocampus

A

BOTH! (remember U shape curve)

50
Q
A

PSYC 342 (11 decks)

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