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PSYC 342 > Chapter 7 > Flashcards

Chapter 7 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the main source of energy for the mammalian brain?

A
  • glucose!
  • (neurons have highest energy demand)
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2
Q

Distinguish homeostatic vs hedonic motivation to consume food

A
  • homeostatic: energy balance
  • hedonic: highly palatable foods
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3
Q

Stress-related changes in eating are usually related to (homeostatic/hedonic) control

A

hedonic!

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4
Q

What is the prandial state?

A
  • after consuming a meal
  • anabolism
  • blood is filled w nutrients
  • energy stored as glycogen and triglycerides
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5
Q

What is the postabsorptive state?

A
  • fasting condition
  • catabolism
  • glycogen and triglycerides broken down to be used as fuel
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6
Q

Well-fed animals have:
- high blood conc of ___, ___, ___, and ___
- high stores of ____ and ____
- high ___ enzymes
- high ___, ___, and ___

Word bank:
- glucose, glucagon, insulin, leptin, glucocorticoids, amino acids
- free fatty acids, body fat in adipose tissue, glycogen in liver
- lipolytic enzymes, lipogenic enzymes, ketone bodies, circulating ghrelin
- CCK, NPY, melanin-concentrating hormone, a-melanocyte-stimulating hormone, orexin, corticotropin-releasing factor, cocaine/amphetamine regulated transcript, catecholamines

A
  • high blood conc of glucose, amino acids, insulin, and leptin
  • high stores of body fat in adipose tissues and glycogen in liver
  • high lipogenic (fat-synthesizing) enzymes
  • high CCK, a-melanocyte-stimulating hormone, and cocaine and amphetamine regulated transcript
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7
Q

Fasting animals have:
- high blood conc of ___ and ___
- high ____
- high ___ enzymes, ___, and ___
- high ___, ___, ___, ___, and ___

Word bank:
- glucose, glucagon, insulin, leptin, glucocorticoids
- free fatty acids, body fat in adipose tissue, glycogen in liver
- lipolytic enzymes, lipogenic enzymes, ketone bodies, circulating ghrelin
- CCK, NPY, melanin-concentrating hormone, a-melanocyte-stimulating hormone, orexin, corticotropin-releasing factor, cocaine/amphetamine regulated transcript, catecholamines

A
  • high blood conc of glucagon and glucocorticoids
  • high free fatty acids
  • high lipolytic enzymes, ketone bodies, and circulating ghrelin
  • high NPY, melanin-concentrating hormone, orexin, corticotropin-releasing factor, and catecholamines
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8
Q

What are orexigenics and anorexigenics?

A
  • orexigenic: appetite stimulant
  • anorexigenic: reduces appetite
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9
Q

During the postabsorptive phase, ___ secretion rises while ____ secretion falls

A

insulin; glucagon

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10
Q

Metabolism during the well-fed state:
- conversion of ___ to ___ in liver
- ___ is stored in liver and muscle
- ___ facilitates transport of glucose and amino acids into into muscle and fat cells
- conversion of amino acids to ___ in liver

A
  • conversion of glucose to glucagon in liver
  • glycogen is stored in liver and muscle
  • insulin facilitates transport of glucose and amino acids into into muscle and fat cells
  • conversion of amino acids to ketone bodies in liver
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11
Q

Metabolism during the fasting state:
- ___ are formed which can be used by brain when glucose is scarce
- ___ is released from the pancreas
- ____ breaks down stored glycogen in liver
- ____ in adipose tissue releases free fatty acids and glycerol

A
  • ketones are formed which can be used by brain when glucose is scarce
  • glucagon is released from the pancreas
  • glycogenolysis breaks down stored glycogen in liver
  • lipolysis in adipose tissue releases free fatty acids and glycerol
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12
Q

What is glycogenolysis?

A
  • breakdown of stored glycogen in liver or muscles to provide steady supply of glucose for energy
  • during fasting state
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13
Q

What is lipolysis?

A
  • breakdown of adipose tissue into free fatty acids
  • during fasting state
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14
Q

What is gluconeogenesis?

A
  • production of glucose from amino acids
  • occurs in liver in response to mild fasting
  • during fasting phase
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15
Q

Type 1 diabetes can be characterized as insulin-(resistant/dependent) while type 2 as insulin-(resistant/dependent)

A

type 1 = dependent
type 2 = resistant

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16
Q

Distinguish type 1 and type 2 diabetes

A

TYPE 1
- beta c of pancreas destroyed by immune system
- less insulin so less glucose absorbed and more glucose in blood
- genetic, early onset, more rare
- managed by insulin injections
- INSULIN DEPENDENT

TYPE 2
- pancreas prod enough insulin but c are not responsive to it so glucose stays in blood
- lifestyle related, 80-90% of all diabetes
- INSULIN RESISTANT

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17
Q

(T/F) usually obesity PRECEEDS increased food intake

A

TRUE!!

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18
Q

Leptin is produced by ____ and circulates in concentrations proportional to ____. High levels signal (satiety/starvation)

A

adipose cells, proportional to total amount of fat in body
high levels signal satiety!

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19
Q

Why can’t we use leptin as a treatment for human obesity?

A
  • bc they don’t lack leptin, more like leptin resistance
20
Q

High levels of leptin (increase/decrease) appetite and (increase/decrease) energy expenditure

A

decrease appetite; increase energy expenditure

21
Q

What role do insulin receptors play in metabolism? Where are they located?

A
  • monitors of metabolic fuels (eg glucose levels in brain)
  • located in brain (esp arcuate nuclei)
22
Q

Insulin concentrations act similarly to (leptin/ghrelin), and (increase/decrease) with higher food intake

A

leptin; increase

23
Q

Ghrelin (increases/decreases) food intake

A

increases

24
Q

when do blood concentrations of ghrelin peak?

A

around time of meal onset

25
Q

circulating concentrations of leptin and ghrelin are ____ correlated

A

inversely! (they act in opposition)

26
Q

Distinguish lateral hypothalamic syndrome and ventromedial hypothalamic syndrome

A
  • lateral: lesions to lateral hypothalamus cause anorexia
  • ventromedial: lesions cause obesity
27
Q

bilateral lesions of the lateral hypothalamus were shown to interfere with _____

A

ALL motivated behaviours (not just feeding)

28
Q

What are the 2 opposing sets of neuronal circuitry in the arcuate nuclei of the hypothalamus?

A
  • feeding stimulatory circuit
  • feeding inhibitory circuit
29
Q

The feeding stimulatory circuit acts in response to (increased/decreased) ___ and ___ levels while the inhibitory circuit acts in response to (increased/decreased) ___ and ___ levels

A

decreased leptin and insulin; increased leptin and insulin

30
Q

The feeding inhibitory circuit inhibits ____ and activates ____ which both lead to decreased food intake

A

inhibits NPY/AgRP neuron; activates POMC/CART neuron

31
Q

The feeding stimulatory circuit inhibits ____ and activates ____ which both lead to increased food intake

A

inhibits POMC/CART neuron; activates NPY/AgRP neuron

32
Q

Ghrelin is released by the ___

A

gut

33
Q

What are the 5 central anabolic effectors (peptides that promote food intake)?

A
  • neuropeptide Y (NPY)
  • agouti-related protein
  • melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH)
  • pancreatic polypeptide
  • orexin
34
Q

what are anabolic effectors?

A

peptides that promote food intake

35
Q

what are catabolic effectors?

A

peptides that inhibit food intake

36
Q

What are the 2 central catabolic effectors (peptides that inhibit food intake)?

A
  • melanocortin
  • cocaine/amphetamine regulated transcript (CART)
37
Q

POMC (proopiomelanocortin) is the pituitary precursor for melanocortins ___, ____ and ____

A

a-MSH, b-MSH, and adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

38
Q

Leptin and insulin (increase/decrease) POMC gene expression which leads to secretion of ___ to (inhibit/activate) feeding behaviour

A

increase; a-MSH to inhibit feeding

39
Q

Leptin and insulin stimulate a(n) (anabolic/catabolic) pathway (____ neurons) and repress a(n) (anabolic/catabolic) pahway (____ neurons). Both pathways are located in the ___

A
  • stimulate catabolic path (POMC/CART neurons)
  • repress anabolic path (NPY/AgRP neurons)
  • located in hypothalamus
40
Q

_____ is a protein hormone and a primary hormonal factor that provokes satiety. It is produced by the ____

A

Cholecystokinin (CCK); prod by gut

41
Q

Estrogens have (anabolic/catabolic) effects and androgens have (anabolic/catabolic) effects

A

catabolic (body fat loss); anabolic

42
Q

____ is the most prominent system that controls appetite and motivational and emotional drives for food

A

the dopamine reward system

43
Q

(T/F) dopamine and serotonin both play a role in feeding behaviour

A

TRUE, serotonergic signaling may reduce reward-related food consumption

44
Q

acute physical or emotional distress does what to feeding behaviour?

A

induces increased intake of comfort foods even when not hungry

45
Q

What findings suggested that the effect of food consumption on ghrelin may be psychologically mediated?

A
  • study w 2 diff milkshake labels (indulgence vs health shake)
  • when ppl thought they were having the unhealthy shake, ghrelin went way up before consumption and then way down after
  • when ppl thought they had healthy shake, ghrelin barely went up and barely went down after consumption
46
Q

What is Ozempic?

A
  • weight loss drug
  • mimics GLP-1: promotes insulin production, slows digestion, suppresses hunger cravings
  • similar weight loss effectiveness to surgery!
47
Q
A

PSYC 342 (11 decks)

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