Lecture 1 Flashcards
What are the 2 main divisions of the nervous system?
CNS and PNS
The brain and spinal cord are part of the __NS
CNS
The autonomic and somatic NS are part of the __NS
PNS
Sympathetic and parasympathetic systems are contained within the (autonomic/somatic) nervous system?
autonomic NS
the autonomic NS is responsible for:
involuntary control of the body
The (para/sympathetic) system is responsible for the fight or flight response
sympathetic
The (para/sympathetic) system is responsible for resting and digesting
parasympathetic
(T/F) the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems are distinct and don’t interact
FALSE!! (ex stress can lead to ED lolz)
the somatic NS is responsible for:
movement/muscle control; sending sensory input to brain
(afferent/efferent) neurons carry info from sensory receptors to CNS
Afferent
(afferent/efferent) neurons carry motor info away from CNS to muscles and glands of body
Efferent
What does a coronal brain slice look like?
like slicing a loaf of bread
What does a sagittal brain slice look like?
vertical (perpendicular to coronal), in line w split between hemispheres (central sulcus)
What does a horizontal brain slice look like?
like if you sliced the top of your head off
Brain development starts with what is called the ____
neural tube
By 4 weeks, an embryo has developed which 3 broad structures of the brain?
forebrain, midbrain, hindbrain
The forebrain develops into the ___ and the _____
telencephalon and diencephalon
The telencephalon divides into the ____, the ___ and the ____
The diencephalon divides into the ___ and the ___
cortex, limbic system, basal ganglia
thalamus, hypothalamus
The cortex is responsible for:
cognitive functions (eg consciousness, thought, emotion, reasoning, language, memory)
What are the 4 lobes of the cortex
frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal
The cerebral cortex is…
about 3mm of grey matter along edges of brain
Which lobe is rostral and anterior?
frontal
Which lobe is dorsal and superior?
parietal
Which lobe is caudal and posterior?
occipital
Which lobe is medial and ventral?
temporal
White matter contains ____ while grey matter contains ___
axons; cell bodies
DTI is a newer brain imaging technique that creates images via…
looking at motility of water in brain (movement of cytosol)
What are the 4 key functions of the frontal lobe?
- executive functioning
- motor control
- emotion
- language
What are the 3 key areas of the frontal lobe discussed in class?
- motor cortex (precentral gyrus)
- prefrontal cortex
- broca’s area
Explain the case of Phineas Gage
- large iron rod through head
- lesion of left frontal lobe
- effects on personality and behaviour!
The parietal lobe contains the ____ cortex and is responsible for ____
somatosensory; processing sensory information of the body!
What is the cortical homunculus?
- model that shows visually # of neurons ass. w each function (huge hands, tongue, and lips)
- created by Dr. Penfield!
The temporal lobe is responsible for ___
- processing auditory signals
- important in some aspects of learning, memory, language
- very integrated w limbic system!
The occipital lobe is responsible for ____
visual perception
(damage to this area is very dangerous, was actually banned in boxing)
What are the 4 key parts of the limbic system?
- amygdala (fear/anxiety)
- hippocampus (learning/memory)
- hypothalamus (homeostasis)
- thalamus (relay center)
The amygdala is related to…
fear/anxiety
The hippocampus is related to…
learning/memory
The hypothalamus is related to…
homeostasis – connection w endocrine system (eg HPA)
The thalamus is related to…
relay center of brain
Describe the case of H.M.
- was having seizures so Dr decided to remove hippocampus
- no more seizures, no personality change, increased IQ
- BUT lost most memories from previous decades and could not form new ones!
- Brenda Milner discovered his procedural memory was relatively intact
- discovered distinction btw declarative/procedural memory
The midbrain contains the ____ and ____. It is related to…
substantia nigra and ventral tegmental area (VTA)
related to mood, reward and addiction
What are the 3 components of the hindbrain and what are their functions?
- Medulla: breathing, BP, HR
- Pons: bridge btw hindbrain and rest of brain
- Cerebellum: balance, coordination, procedural memory
What are the 3 main types of glial cells in the CNS?
- oligodendrocyte (prod. myelin sheaths, nurture and sustain env. around axons)
- astrocyte (neural support, repair damage, regulate neuronal communication)
- microglia (immune response, homeostasis, supporting neural function)
What are the names of the following glial cells in the PNS?
Astrocyte (CNS):
Oligodendrocyte (CNS):
Microglia (CNS):
Astrocyte (CNS): Satellite cell
Oligodendrocyte (CNS): Schwann cell
Microglia (CNS): no diff name
Dendrites are the (input/output) site for neural signals
input
Each dendritic spine is (pre/post)synaptic to 1-2 axon terminals
POST (receives info from)
What is the longest projection from the soma?
axon (ends at multiple terminal buttons)
Terminal buttons of axons contain _____ that house ____
synaptic vesicles that house neurotransmitters
The watery fluid inside the soma (____) is rich in ___ and ___ and is separated from the outside by the neuronal membrane
CYTOSOL; salt and potassium
(T/F) neuron cell bodies contain same organelles as all animal cells
TRUE
The nucleus is contained with a double membrane called the ____
nuclear envelope (full of pores)
How do genes for protein assembly get transcribed in the nucleus?
- RNA synthesized by RNA polymerase and processed into mRNA
- mRNA carries genetic instructions for protein assembly from nucleus to cytoplasm thru pores in nuclear envelope
What are the 4 key types of proteins embedded in the neuron cell membrane?
- Ion channels (facilitates nerve impulse transmission)
- Transporters (mvmt of molecules/ions across membrane)
- Receptors (bind to specific neurotransmitters/signaling molecules to initiate cellular response)
- Enzymes (catalyze chem rxns crucial for cell function)
At resting potential, the inside of a neuron is more (pos/neg) than the outside
NEGATIVE
At resting potential, the NaK pump uses energy via ____ to pump __Na+ ions (in/out) and __K+ ions (in/out)
energy via ATP
3 Na+ ions OUT
2 K+ ions IN
**keeps inside more negative bc more positive ions are going out than in
During an action potential, the membrane becomes (pos/neg) charged
POSITIVELY
The __ and __ of action potentials constitutes the code used by neurons to transfer info from one location to another
frequency and pattern
Put the steps of the action potential in order:
- repolarization
- resting potential
- Na+ channels open
- Na+ channels close
- depolarization
- K+ channels open
- hyperpolariation
- stimulus
- resting potential
- stimulus
- Na+ channels open (let Na into cell)
- Depolarization (inside gets more pos)
- Na+ channels close
- K+ channels open (let K out of cell)
- Repolarization (inside gets more neg)
- Hyperpolarization (gets more neg than resting)
- Resting potential
Action potentials can occur ___x faster than the blink of an eye and lasts about __ milliseconds
100x; 2 milliseconds
Neurons communicate with each other through the _____
synaptic cleft! (connects axon terminal to spine on dendrite)
** action potentials cause vesicles to fuse to presynaptic membrane and release neurotransmitter into postsynaptic cleft via exocytosis
What is the difference between ionotropic and metabotropic channels
ionotropic: typically ligand-gated ion channels, through which ions pass in response to a neurotransmitter
metabotropic: require G proteins and second messengers to indirectly modulate ionic activity in neurons
