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Brain and behaviour > Lecture 3 > Flashcards

Lecture 3 Flashcards

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The Brain flashcards
1
Q

2 types of nerve cells

A

Neurons (86 billion): information processing
Glial cells (85 billion): support cells

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2
Q

Brain mass information (3 sections)

A

Cerebral cortex (82% brain mass)

  • 16 billion neurons (19% brain neurons)
  • 61 billion glial cells

Cerebellum (10% brain mass)

  • 69 billion neurons (80% brain neurons)
  • 16 billion glial cells

Rest of the brain (8% brain mass)

  • 1 billion neurons (1% brain neurons
  • 8 billion glial cells
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3
Q

Neurons consist of 3 main parts

A
  • Dendrites: Many of them, and their function is to collect information from other neurons.
  • Cell body (soma): There is 1, and it integrates information.
  • Axon: There is 1, it sends information and branches out at the end.
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4
Q

What is the flow of information through neurons?

A

Input: dendrites
Integration: cell body (soma)
Output: axon

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5
Q

3 major types of neurons

A
  • Sensory neurons (afferent)
  • Interneurons (association)
  • Motor neurons (output)
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6
Q

Sensory neurons

A

Bring information to the CNS

  • Long dendrites, short axon.
  • Dendrites and cell body outside CNS (cell body in dorsal root ganglion)
  • Axon inside CNS
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7
Q

Interneurons

A

Associate sensory and motor activity in the CNS

  • Short dendrites, short axon
  • Dendrites, cell body, axon inside CNS (in brain and spinal cord.
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8
Q

Motor neurons

A

Send signals from the brain and spinal cord to muscles

  • Short dendrites, long axon
  • Dendrites and cell body inside CNS (in lower brainstem and spinal cord), axon outside CNS
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9
Q

Glial cells - support they provide

A

Aid neurons in processing information by providing

  1. Physical support, protection
  2. Nutrients
  3. Increase conduction (lit. glue neurons together)

NB: glial cells DO NOT transmit information themselves

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10
Q

5 types of glial cells

A
  1. Ependymal cells
  2. Astrocytes
  3. Microglia
  4. Oligodendroglia
  5. Schwann cells
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11
Q

Ependymal cell

A
  • Small; ovoid
  • Secretes cerebrospinal fluid.
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12
Q

Astrocyte

A
  • Star shaped, symmetrical
  • Nutritive and support function.
  • Move nutrients and chemicals between blood vessels and neurons.
  • Stimulate repair of damaged brain tissue
  • Enable tight bond between blood-vessel cells and neurons (BLOOD BRAIN BARRIER)
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13
Q

Microglial cell

A
  • Small, mesodermally derived
  • Defensive function
  • Originate in the blood as an offshoot of the immune system (type of macrophage) and migrate throughout the nervous system.
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14
Q

Oligodendroglial cell

A
  • Asymmetrical
  • Forms myelin around axons in brain and spinal cord
  • Inside CNS
  • Myelinate neurons to enhance neural transmission speed (insulate cells)
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15
Q

Schwann cell

A
  • Asymmetrical
  • Wraps around peripheral nerves to form myelin
  • Outside CNS
  • Myelinate neurons to enhance neural transmission speed (insulate cells)
  • Encourage neuronal repair: cells in the PNS can be repaired after damage
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16
Q

Histology

A

Brain staining: Histology

  • Main disadvantage of staining is that it only works in fixed brain tissue.
  • More recent imaging techniques: DTI (Diffusion Tensor Imaging)
  • Clarity: makes brain tissue transparent
  • Brainbow: transgenic technique
17
Q

Cell membrane

A
  • Membrane surrounding the cell
  • Consists of 2 layers of phospholipid molecules
  • Separates the intracellular and extracellular fluid.
  • Semi-permeable (only specific molecules can pass).

Channel: specific ions can pass
Gate: ions can pass if the gate is open
Pump: active transport (uses energy) some ions in, others out e.g., sodium/potassium pump (helps maintain resting state potential).

18
Q

Nucleus

A
  • Cell core, contains chromosomes and genes
  • DNA is made of chemical building clocks called nucleotides.
19
Q

Nuclear membrane

A

Surrounds nucleus

20
Q

Ensoplasmic reticulum

A

Assembles proteins

21
Q

Golgi bodies

A

Wraps, addresses and ships off proteins

22
Q

Microtubules

A

Form then transportation network

23
Q

The 2 layers of phospholipid molecules in the cell membrane

A
  • Head: phosphate group: hydrophilic (binds to water)
  • Tail: fatty acid (lipid): hydrophobic (does not bind to water)
24
Q

3 parts of nucleotides
(+ 4 nitrogen bases)

A
  1. Phosphate group
  2. Sugar group
  3. One of four types of nitrogen bases: Adenine (A), Cytosine (C), Guanine (G), and Thymine (T).
25
Q

Mutations in genes

A
  1. Neutral (most common): does nothing.
  2. Beneficial (rare): increase bone density, tetrachromacy.
  3. Harmful (rare): sickle cell disease, cystic fibrosis.
26
Q

Alleles

A

Can be dominant or recessive, they can lead to a certain trait or not.

27
Q

Laws of Mendel

A

A) Recessive gene: two copies required to exhibit trait
B) Dominant gene: only one copy required to exhibit trait

28
Q

Genes

A

Genes are the ‘blueprints’ for protein synthesis in the endoplasmic reticulum (protein factory).

  • The sequence of bases in the gene spell out the order in which amino acids - the constituent molecules of proteins - should be assembled to construct a particular protein.
29
Q

The ‘bases’ of behaviour (genes)

A

Bases –> amino acids –> peptides –> proteins –> cells –> behaviour

30
Q

Amino acids –> peptides –> proteins

A

Amino acids are encoded in sequences of 3 nucleotide bases (codons) on mRNA (single stranded).

31
Q

Protein packaging and shipment procedure

A

Go from ER to golgi bodies through the microtube (where their attached to a motor molecule). Then they get sorted: enzyme (chilling in the cell), to the membrane (protein chain), or kicked out (exocytosis).

Brain and behaviour (14 decks)

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