Lecture 14

Question 1

types of conditioning

Answer 1

• pavlovian/classical conditioning
• operant conditioning

Question 2

types of memory

Answer 2

• explicit
• implicit

Question 3

explicit memory

Answer 3

• conscius
• semantic, episodic
• top down
• knowing that/what

Question 4

implicit memory

Answer 4

• unconscious
• skills, habits
• bottom up
• knowing how

Question 5

symptoms of korsakoff syndrome

Answer 5

• retrograde + anterograde amnesia

Question 6

cause of korsakoff syndrome

Answer 6

thiamine (vit. B) deficiency due to malnutrition and prolonged intake of large quantities of alcohol

Question 7

kosakoff syndrome neural mechanism

Answer 7

cell death in midline diencephalon, including medial thalamus and mammillary bodies in the hypothalamus also cortical atrophy

Question 8

memory consolidation stages

Answer 8

1. encoding
2. storage
3. recall

Question 9

karl lashley

Answer 9

memory cannot be attributed to a single cortical area, but is instead distributed throughout the cortex

Question 10

short term memory

Answer 10

• reverberation > ‘resonating’ action potentials
• main area: frontal love (prefrontal cortex)

Question 11

long term memory

Answer 11

• consolidation > structural changes

explicit memory

• main area: medial temporal lobe (including hippocampus and amyg)
• semantic: default mode network
• episodic: hippocamp, ventromedial prefrontal cortex

implicit memory

• main area: basal ganglia and cerebellum

Question 12

patient HM

Answer 12

• severe epilepsy originating from medial temporal lobe
• surgery: bilateral hippocampetomy
• hippocampus contains a mechanism to store new explicit mems.

caused

• severe anterograde amenasia
• little/no retrograde amnesia
• little/no problems with implicit memory

Question 13

medial temporal lobe

Answer 13

• perirhinal cortex
• parahippocampal cortex
• etorhinal cortex
• hippocampus
• medial temporal lobe connections are reciprocal (two-way traffic)

Question 14

perirhinal cortex

Answer 14

visual object memory (input visual ventral stream)

Question 15

parahippocampal cortex

Answer 15

visuospatial memory (input from parietal regions)

Question 16

entorhinal cortex

Answer 16

integration of visual memory (affected first in Alzheimers)

Question 17

hippocampus

Answer 17

mainly spatial memory (places, recalling object location

Question 18

place cells

Answer 18

in hippocampus fire only if an animal is in a certain place - regardless of its orientation

Question 19

head direction cells

Answer 19

in hippocampus fire when head points in a specific direction - vestibular system

Question 20

grid cells

Answer 20

in entorhinal cortex from virtual grid to estimate size of environment

Question 21

border cells

Answer 21

in entorhinal cortex fire exclusively at edges and boundaries of the local environment

Question 22

long term potentiation

Answer 22

strong bursts of high frequency stimulation changes synaptic transmission in such a way that subsequent weak stimulation produces a larger EPSP lasting for 90 mins.

• potential neural mechanism for learning and creating memories

Question 23

long term depression

Answer 23

strong burst of low frequency stimulation results in decreased EPSP

• potential neural mechanism for clearing out old memories

Question 24

synaptogenesis

Answer 24

modification of existing circuits

Question 25

nerugenesis

Answer 25

creation of new circuits

Question 26

cortical reorganisation

Answer 26

peripheral stimulation of the face produces a sensation of touch at the amputated arm

occurs because the unused areas in the somatosensory cotex start to respond to input from adjacent areas