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Brain and behaviour > Lecture 2 > Flashcards

Lecture 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Different orientation systems (7)

A
  • Superior = above
  • Anterior = in front of
  • Posterior = behind
  • Interior = below
  • Rostral = towards the nose
  • Caudal from rostral = towards the back of the head.
  • Caudal from brain = down the spine
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2
Q

Anatomic orientation

A

Illustrates the direction of a cut or section through the human brain from the perspective of the viewer.

  • Frontal (coronal) view = vertically from ear to ear
  • Horizontal (dorsal) view = flat across the brain
  • Sagittal (medial) view = lengthways front to back
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3
Q

Cerebrovascular accident (2)

A

Ischemic CVA (80%)

  • Blockage of blood vessel by clot.

Hemorrhagic SVA (20%)

  • Burst of vessel bleeding into the brain.
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4
Q

Main structure visible from the outside of the brain

A
  • cerebrum
  • cerebellum
  • brainstem

The higher a structure is located physically, the ‘higher’ its function.

  • meaning it is more complex, more integrated.
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5
Q

Gyrus, sulcus info/measurements

A
  • Gyrus = curve, bend, HILLS
  • Sulcus = groove, VALLEYS
  • Fissure = deep sulcus
  • Total surface area, ~0.25 m^2, ~40 x 62.5 cm
  • Width is 2-4 mm
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6
Q

Grey matter

A

Nerve cells (no insulating layer)

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7
Q

White matter

A

nerve fibers (insulating layer, fatty myelin)

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8
Q

Ventricle system - general term & function

A

4 interconnected cavities filled with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

  • Presumed function = maintaining brain metabolism, excretion of metabolic waste, cushion the brain.
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9
Q

1st & 2nd ventricles

A

Lateral ventricles

  • One in each hemisphere
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10
Q

Third ventricle

A

Diencephalon

  • Between right and left thalamus
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11
Q

Fourth ventricle

A
  • Between the cerebellum and the pons
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12
Q

Telencephalon (endbrain)

A
  1. Neocortex
  2. Basal ganglia
  3. Limbic system olfactory bulb
  4. Lateral ventricles

FOREBRAIN

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13
Q

Diencephalon (between brain)

A
  1. Thalamus
  2. Hypothalamus
  3. Pituitary gland
  4. Pineal body
  5. third ventricle

BRAINSTEM

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14
Q

Mesencephalon

A
  1. Tectum
  2. Tegmentum
  3. Cerebral aqueduct

BRAINSTEM

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15
Q

Metencephalon (across brain)

A
  1. Cerebellum
  2. Pons
  3. Fourth ventricle

BRAINSTEM

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16
Q

Myelencephalon (spinal brain)

A
  1. Medulla oblongata
  2. Fourth ventricle

BRAIN STEM

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17
Q

Brain tissue consists of 2 types of nerve cells

A
  1. Neurons, major brain functions
  2. Glia, support cells (lit. glue)
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18
Q

Cells are connection through what?

A

Nerve fibres called axons.

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19
Q

A bundle of nerves within the CNS

A

Tract

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20
Q

A bundle of nerves outside of the CNS

A

Nerve

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21
Q

What is inside and outside of the spinal cord

A
  • Inside = grey matter (nerve cells)
  • Outside - white matter (nerve fibres (tracts))
  • This is the opposite of brain tissue
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22
Q

What are the 5 spinal cord segments

A
  1. Cervical
  2. Thoracic
  3. Lumbar
  4. Sacral
  5. Coccygeal
23
Q

Each dermatome (body segment) has two spinal (peripheral nerves)

A
  1. A sensory nerve (afferent)
  2. A motor nerve (efferent)
24
Q

What does the sensory nerve (afferent) do?

A

Send information from the skin, joints and muscles to the spinal cord.

  • Afferent: toward a structure (incoming)
25
Q

What does the motor nerve (efferent) do?

A

Control the muscle movements in that particular body segment.

  • Efferent: away from a structure (outgoing)
26
Q

Where are the spinal nerves located?

A

On the left and right side of the spinal cord (bilateral pairs).

27
Q

Dorsal/posterior root of the spine

A
  • Sensory (afferent)
  • Pain, temperature, touch
28
Q

Ventral/anterior root of the spine

A
  • Motor (efferent)
  • Muscle movement, reflexes
29
Q

12 pairs of cranial nerves

A

One set controls the left side, the other set controls the right side of the head.

30
Q

Olfactory function

A

Smell

31
Q

Optic function

A

Vision

32
Q

Oculomotor function

A

Eye movement

33
Q

Trochlear function

A

Eye movement

34
Q

Trigeminal function

A

Masticatory movements and facial sensation

35
Q

Abducens function

A

Eye movement

36
Q

Facial function

A

Facial movement and sensation

37
Q

Audiotry vestibular function

A

Hearing and balance

38
Q

Glossopharyngeal function

A

Tongue and pharynx movement and sensation

39
Q

Vagus function

A

Heart, blood vessels, viscera, movement of larynx and pharynx

40
Q

Spinal accessory function

A

Neck muscles

41
Q

Hypoglossal function

A

Tongue muscles

42
Q

Bell’s palsy info

A

Inflamation of the facial nerve (7th cranial nerve)

  • Swelling compression, partial loss of nerve function.
  • Symptoms: unilateral weakness or paralysis of facial muscles
  • Primary cause: viral infection
  • Treatment: anti-inflammatory drugs and antiviral agents.
  • NB: symptoms are also common in stroke, tumour and trauma
43
Q

(ANS) sympathetic division stimulation

A

Activation, arousal (fight or flight)

44
Q

What is the (ANS) sympathetic division connected to?

A

Thoracic and lumbar spinal cord segments.

  • Ganglia (minibrains) near spinal cord
45
Q

Preganglionic + postganglionic fibres in sympathetic division

A
  • Found in the sympathetic division
  • Preganglionic fibres are short
  • Postganglionic fibres are long.
  • Acetylcholine = preganglionic
  • Norephinephrine = postganglionic
46
Q

(ANS) parasympathetic division inhibition

A

Relaxation, digestion (rest and digest)

47
Q

What is the (ANS) parasympathetic division connected to?

A

Sacral spinal cord segments, but mostly to three cranial nerves (vagus, facial & oculomotor)

  • Ganglia (minibrains) near target organs
48
Q

Preganglionic + post ganglionic fibres in parasympathetic division

A
  • Preganglionic = long
  • Postganglionic = short
  • Acetylcholine (both pre & post)
49
Q

3 parts of the brainstem

A
  1. Hindbrain: rhombencephalon (metencephalon+myelencephalon) –> mainly motor functions.
  2. Midbrain: mesencephalon –> sensory functions.
  3. Between brain: diencephalon –> integrative sensorimotor tasks
50
Q

Rhombencephalon (hindbrain)

A

Metencephalon (across brain)

  • Pons + cerebellum

Myelencephalon (spinal brain)

  • Medulla.
51
Q

Reticular formation

A

Net-shaped mixture of neurons (grey matter) and nerve fibres (white matter)

  • Arousal, sleep/awake
  • Pons
  • Medulla
  • Cerebellum
52
Q

Midbrain (mesencephalon)

A

Substantia nigra

53
Q

Between brain (diencephalon)

A
  • Thalamus: integrates sensory input and relays it to appropriate areas of the cerebral cortex
  • Hypothalamus (below the thalamus): controls hormone prodiction via pituitary gland & takes part in nearly all aspects of behaviour
54
Q

Forebrain (basal ganglia)

A

Control and coordinate voluntary movement act as “volume control” by controlling the force of movements.

NB: substantia nigra and subthalamic nucleus are also part of the basal ganglia.

Brain and behaviour (14 decks)

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