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Brain and behaviour > Lecture 11 > Flashcards

Lecture 11 Flashcards

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1
Q

How does the nervous system produce movement and respond to sensation?

A
  • Functional anatomy of movement
  • Basal ganglia and cerebellum
  • Vestibular system
  • Somatosensory system
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2
Q

Main components of the motor system

A
  • Forebrain: initiating movement
  • Brain stem: species-typical movement
  • Spinal cord: executing movement
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3
Q

Main motor assisting brain regions

A
  • Basal ganglia (forebrain): help to produce the appropriate amount of force
  • Cerebellum (brainstem): regulate timing and accuracy
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4
Q

3 stages of movement execution

A

Planning: prefrontal cortex
Organisation: premotor cortex
Execution: primary motor cortex

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5
Q

Planning - prefrontal cortex

A

Specify goal and decide to execute a movement

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6
Q

Organisation - premotor cortex

A

Specify precise complementary movements needed to execute the plan (organise motor sequences)

  • Preprogrammed set of movements produced as a single unit
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7
Q

Execution - primary motor cortex

A

Translate motor sequences into motor commands that produce specific movements (specialised in focal skilled movements)

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8
Q

Simple movement

A

Blood flow increased in the hand area of hte primary somatosensory and primary motor cortex when subjects used a finger to push a lever.

  • M1 and S1
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9
Q

Movement sequence

A

Blood flow increased in the premotor cortex when subjects performed a sequence of movements

  • M1 and S1
  • Dorsal premotor
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10
Q

Complex movement

A

Blood flow increased in the prefrontal and temporal cortex when subjects used a finger to find a route through a maze

  • M1 and S1
  • Dorsal premotor
  • Prefrontal (goal)
  • Temporal (what)
  • Parietal (how)
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11
Q

Hierarchical and parallel control organisation

A

H = prefrontal > premotor > primary motor
P = plan and execute multiple independent movements simultaneously

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12
Q

What does it mean that motor movements are spatially coded > somatotopic arrangement?

A

Body part relative sizes are disproportionate

  • More extensive areas of M1 allow precise regulation of movements

Body parts are discontinuous

  • Arranged different from those of our actual body
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13
Q

Corticospinal tract

A
  • originates mainly in motor cortex layer V
  • ends in anterior horn of spinal cord
  • aka pyramidal tract, axon crossing in medulla (brain stem)
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14
Q

corticospinal tract - 2 descending pathways

A
  1. lateral corticospinal tract: crosses in medulla, brainstem
  2. ventral (anterior) corticospinal tract: uncrossed
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15
Q

lateral corticospinal tract

A
  • crosses over to the contralateral side
  • ends at the lateral region of the contralateral anterior horn
  • distal musculature
  • NB: mainly lateral interneurons and motor neurons
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16
Q

ventral (anterior) corticalspinal tract

A
  • remains on the ipsilateral side
  • ends in the medial region of the ipsilateral anterior horn
  • proximal musculature
  • NB: mainly medial interneurons and motor neurons
17
Q

spinal cord

A
  • neurons in the spinal cord form a butterfly structure
  • in the middle is the central canal containing CSF
18
Q

neuromuscular junction

A

the connection between the motor neurons of the spinal cord and the muscle fibres is called the

  • neurotransmitter: acetylochile
  • limb muscles are arranged in pairs: extensor and flexor
19
Q

nuclei in the basal ganglia

A
  • caudate nucleus
  • putamen
  • globus pallidus
  • neucleus accumens
  • subthalamic nucleus
  • substantia nigra
20
Q

movement issues connected to basal ganglia

A

hypokenetic - too little force

  • paucity of movement (rigidity)
  • parkinson (substantia nigra)

hyperkinetic - too much force

  • excessive involuntary movement
  • huntington’s disease (caudate & putamen)
21
Q

cerebellum - movement

A

functions in the cerebellum mainly concern the timing and accuracy of movements - critical for acquiring and maintaining motor skills

22
Q

cerebellum - somatotopic arrangement

A
  • base (flocculus) - eye movements and balance
  • medial - face and trunk
  • lateral - limbs, hands, feet and digits
23
Q

intention, action and feedback model

A

cerebellum compares intended action with actual action, calculates error and informs the cortex how to correct the movement

24
Q

the vestibular system

A

the vestibular system is involved i the motor functions that allow us to maintain balance

  • it is located in the inner ear and consists of 2 groups of receptors
25
Q

2 vestibular groups

A
  1. semicircular canals
  2. otolith organs
26
Q

semicircular canals

A
  • 3 canals, 1 for each plane of movement (3D)
  • contains vestibular hair cells
  • filled with endolymph
  • mead movements moves endolymph. bends the cilia and induces action potentials
  • function: head orientation > detect head rotations
26
Q

otolith organs

A
  • utricle, saccule
  • contains vestibular hair cells
  • filled with jelly-like substance that contains small calcium carbonate crystals (otoconia)
  • head tilting presses gelatin and otoconia against hair cells, bends the cilia and induces action potentials
  • function: body orientation, detect gravity (tilt) and linear acceleration (translational movement)
27
Q

the somatosensory system

A

somatic sensation is unique since it is distributed throughout the body.

  • density of somatosensory receptors varies greatly throughout the body
28
Q

3 receptor systems in the somatosensory system

A

nociception (irritation)

  • pain, temperature, itch

hapsis (pressure)
- fine touch and pressure

proprioception (bodyawareness)

  • perception of body location and movement based on stretch of muscles, tendons and join movement
29
Q

rapidly adapting receptors

A

activate neurons when stimulation begins and ends - sends information about the stimulus onset and offset

30
Q

slowly adapting receptors

A

activate neurons as long as the sensory stimulation is present - send information about whether the stimulus is still occurring

31
Q

diameter and myelination of receptors

A

hapsis & proprioception = larger, well myelinated (faster)
nociception = smaller, less myelinated axons (slower)

32
Q

posterior spinothalamic tract (dorsal)

A
  • hapsis
  • proprioception
  • posterior/dorsal column (spinal cord to brainstem)
  • crosses to contralateral side in brainstem
  • via medial lemniscus to ventrolateral thalamus to S1
33
Q

anterior spinothalamic tract (ventral)

A
  • nociception
  • anterior spinal cord (grey matter)
  • crosses to contralateral side in spinal cord
  • via medial lemniscus to ventrolateral thalamus to S1
34
Q

monosynaptic reflex

A
  • tapping patellar tendon stretches quadriceps
  • stretch-sensitive sensory receptor synapses directly to a single motor neuron in the spinal cord
  • motor neuron stimulates quadriceps to contract
35
Q

pain gating theory

A
  • attempts to explain the phenomenon that acute sharp pain can be diminished by rubbing or massaging of the painful spot
  • might explain the pins and needles sensation - decreased blood flow deactivates large myelinated touch and pressure fibres, leaves small unmyelinated pain fibres unaffected
36
Q

somatosensory cortex

A

somatotopic representation in the primary somatosenosry cortex is organised in four separate homunculi that respond to

  • 3a, 3b
  • 1
  • 2
  • receptive cells increase from back to front 3a,3b,1,2
37
Q

unilateral spinal cord injuries

A
  • ipsilateral loss of hapsis and proprioception
  • contralateral loss of nociception

Brain and behaviour (14 decks)

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