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Brain and behaviour > Lecture 12 > Flashcards

Lecture 12 Flashcards

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1
Q

olfaction

A
  • primary: pyrifom cortex & amygdala
  • secondary: orbitofrontal cortex &thalamus
  • 500 types of olfactory receptors
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2
Q

guestation

A
  • taste receptors are not limited to the tong
  • two gustation pathways to the brain
  1. thalamus > S1 and primary gustation cortex
  2. hypothalamus & amygdala
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3
Q

brain regions involved in motivated behaviour

A
  • hypothalamus + pituitary gland
  • limbic system
  • frontal lobes

hypothalamic - pituitary gland system operates under limbic system/frontal lobes

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4
Q

regulatory behaviour

A
  • necessary for survival (eating drinking)
  • regulated by internal stimuli > homeostatic mechanisms
  • controlled by hypothalamus - acts on endocrine and autonomic NS
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5
Q

non-regulatory behaviour

A
  • not necessary for survival
  • sinfluened by external stimuli - controlled by sensory systems
  • controlled by prefrontal cortex, limbic system and sometimes hypothalamus
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6
Q

hypothalamus regions

A
  • lateral
  • medial
  • periventricular region
  • all containing multiple nuclei
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7
Q

posterior pituitary (neural tissue)

A
  • gets hormones from thalamus, through axons of neurons
  • releases hormones into bloodstream through capillaries
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8
Q

anterior pituitary (glandular tissue)

A
  • gets releasing hormones from hypothalamus from capillaries
  • then synthesises its own hormones and releases them to the bloodstream
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9
Q

hypothalamic hormone related activity is controlled by:

A
  • feedback loops
  • neural regulation
  • experience based responses
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10
Q

Eating - control of regulatory behaviour

A

the summed activity of various hypothalamic neurons constitutes a complex homeostat that controls eating

  • lateral hypothal
  • ventromedial hypothal
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11
Q

eating - lateral hypothal

A

stimulation - feeling of hunger (on switch)

  • lesions > aphagia (failure to eat)
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12
Q

eating - ventromedial hypothalamus

A

stimulation - feeling of saturation (off switch)

  • lesions - hyperphagia (overeating)
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13
Q

digestive system (enetric nervous system

A
  • pancreas: secretes insulin
  • liver: stores glycogen
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14
Q

2 types of sex hormones

A
  1. organising effects
  2. activating effects
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15
Q

organising effects

A

influence development of foetal brain (prenatal)

  • e.g., influence of androgens on development of gender characteristics and masculinisation of the brain
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16
Q

activating effects

A

influence activities in the adult brain (postnatal)

  • females - estrogen
  • males - testosterone
17
Q

effect of sex hormones on hypothalamus

A
  • ventromedial area: copulation behaviour in female rates
  • preoptic area: copulation behaviour in male rats
  • not sexual motivation
18
Q

effects of sex hormones on the amygdala

A

sexual motivation in males probably also in fmeales

19
Q

effects of sex hormoens on the cortex

A
  • role is not entirely clear - imagery: ventral visual system, planning: frontal lobe
  • frontal lesions can lead to disinhibition of sexual behaviour, but also loss of libido.
20
Q

constructive theory (James-Lange

A
  • the brain interprets autonomic reactions and concocts a story to explain bodily reactions
  • see wolf > run > are afraid
  • evidence from spinal cord patients (less pain, less emotional intensity)
21
Q

cannon-bard

A

i see, i fear, i run (proved to be false because of the speed of the processes)

22
Q

appraisal theory

A

emotions involved highly coordinated effects in behaviour, body and brain
these effects are considered either consequences of a central emotional state or part of the emotional experience itself

23
Q

three main components of emotion

A
  1. subjective feeling
  2. physiological response
  3. cognition
24
Q

brain region(s) for subjective feelings

A

amygdala + prefrontal cortex

25
Q

brain region(s) for physiological response

A

hypothalamus

26
Q

brain region(s) for cognition

A

cerebral cortex

27
Q

limbic circuit consists of

A
  • cingulate gyrus (evaluation of reward and punishment)
  • hippocampus (memory, spinal navigation)
  • amygdala (central role in emotions)
  • mammillary nucleus of hypothalamus (memory)
  • allocortex
28
Q

organisation of the limbic circuit

A
  • hippocamp and amygdala and prefrontal C all connected with the hypothal
  • mammillary nucleus of the hypothal connects to the anterior thal connected to the cingulate cortex
  • cingulate C connects to the hippocamp formation
29
Q

what does the amygdala do

A
  • recieves input
  • evaluates info from emotional and motivational meaning
  • projects to hypothal and brainstem
  • essential in tuning emotional behaviour and innate behaviours
30
Q

electrical stimulation of the amygdala

A
  • autonomic responses
  • feelings of fear
31
Q

removal of both amygdalae (in animals)

A

tameness and loss of fear
indiscriminate eating behaviour

32
Q

prefrontal cortex

A

‘rational brake’ on emotional behaviour.

  • gets input from all sensory areas and has connections to amyg and hypothal
33
Q

damage to the prefrontal C

A
  • loss of emotions: flat affect
  • inability to recognise emotions in others
  • apathy and loss of initiative and motivation
  • inability to concentrate, plan and organise
  • easily distracted by sensory stimulation
  • radical changes in personality
34
Q

reward system - wanting

A
  • mesolimbic dopamine system
35
Q

reward system - liking

A
  • likely mediated by small localised set of nuclei controlled by opioid and endocannabinoid systems

Brain and behaviour (14 decks)

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