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BICD 140-Immunology > Lecture 3 > Flashcards

Lecture 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What are 4 examples of cell associated receptors?

A

-Toll-like receptors
-Nod-like receptors
-CARD-family receptors
-cGAS

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2
Q

What are PAMPS?

A

Pathogen Associated Molecular Patterns

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3
Q

The PAPMP LPS is also known as?

A

An endotoxin that can cause septic shock

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4
Q

True or false: Multiple TLRs cannot be recognized by different structures in the same pathogen

A

False
Multiple TLRs can be recognized by different structures in the same pathogen

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5
Q

What does LPS recognition require?

A

TLR4 and binding receptors CD14

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6
Q

What are CD (cluster of designation)

A

Identifies cell surface molecules
-act as receptors/ligands

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7
Q

How does signaling work?

A

PAMP–>PRR–>ADAPTOR–>SIGNAL

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8
Q

What are chemokines and cytokines directed to do?

A

Alarm and destroy

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9
Q

What is the MyD88 dependent pathway?

A

MyD88 is used as the adaptor protein that triggers NFkB pathway which makes inflammatory cytokines (IL-1/IL-6/TNFalpha)

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10
Q

What is the MyD88 independent pathway?

A

TRIF is used as the adaptor protein to trigger the IRF3 pathway which makes interferons (IFN)–>fight against virus infection

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11
Q

What are IRF’s?

A

Interferon regulatory factors
-proteins that regulate transcription of interferons

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12
Q

What are membrane associated receptors?

A

TLRs

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13
Q

What are cytosolic receptors?

A

-Nod-like receptor
-CARD-family sensors (RIG-I)

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14
Q

What is a nod-like receptor and what does it recognize?

A

-Can sense bacteria infection in the cytoplasm and induced NFkB inflammation
-bacterial infection

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15
Q

What do TRIF adaptors always lead to?

A

IRF7

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16
Q

What can recognize cytoplasmic DNA?

A

(cGAS) Cyclic gMP-AMP synthase

17
Q

True or false: Macrophages can make cytokines and chemokines

18
Q

What are the 4 ways that cytokines/chemokines alarm?

A
  1. MBP and CRP opsonize pathogens and activate complement through Lectin & Classical pathway
  2. Activate more immune cells –>IFN alpha & beta (interferons make resistance to viral replication/activate NK cells/alert non-infected cells)
  3. Recruit other cells (chemokines)–>provide directional signals for leukocytes to site of infection
  4. Systemic effects
19
Q

What is TNFalpha?

A

Increases vascular permeability
-prevents pathogens from entering the blood through platelet activating factor
-TOO MUCH LEADS TO SEPTIC SHOCK/SYSTEMIC INFLAMMATION

20
Q

What are the 2 ways that innate system destroys microbes/infected cells?

A
  1. Phagocytosis
  2. Cytotoxicity
21
Q

What 2 front line defenders are used in phagocytosis?

A
  1. Neutrophils
  2. Macrophages
22
Q

What frontline defender is used in cytotoxicity?

A

Natural killer cells

23
Q

True or false: Natural killer cells are always ready to kill but their effector function is decreased when stimulated with cytokines

A

False
Their effector functions are increased 20-100 fold when stimulated with cytokines
(Goku going super saiyan)

24
Q

How do NK cells recognize and kill virally infected cells?

A

By using Inhibitory and Activating receptors
1. Inhibitory receptors tell them NOT to kill a target cell (negative signal)–>has MHC I
2. Activating receptors tell them to KILL a target cell (positive signal)–>no MHC I

25
Q

What is the defense mechanism for Extracellular (interstitial spaces blood, lymph)

A
  1. Complement
  2. Macrophages
  3. Neutrophils
26
Q

What is the defense mechanism for Extracellular epithelial surfaces

A

Antimicrobial peptides

27
Q

What is the defense mechanism for Intracellular cytoplasmic infections?

A

Natural Killer Cells (NK)

28
Q

What is the defense mechanism for Intracellular vesicular infections?

A

Activated macrophages

29
Q

What kind of PRRs are used for EXTRACELLULAR infections?

A

TLR4 &TLR5

30
Q

What kind of PRRs are used for INTRACELLULAR CYTOPLASMIC infections?

A

1.RIG-I
2.cGAS
3.Nod2

31
Q

What kind of PRRs are used for INTRACELLULAR VESICULAR infections?

32
Q

What does the CARD-family sensors (RIG-I) recognize?

A

double stranded RNA viral infection

33
Q

Which TLR only uses TRIF?

34
Q

What does TLR 3 recognize

35
Q

What does TLR 4 recognize

A

LPS (lipopolysaccharide)

36
Q

What does TLR 5 recognize

37
Q

What does TLR 7 recognize

38
Q

What does TLR 9 recognize

39
Q

How do natural killer cells recogonize and kill virally infected cells?

A
  1. Inhibitory receptors–>bind to MHC class 1–>cells with MHC class 1 sends a (-) signal & cell is not killed
  2. Activating receptors–>cells w/ no MHC class 1 b/c virus overtook–>send (+) signal–>cell is killed

BICD 140-Immunology (15 decks)

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