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Anatomy/Physiology > Lecture 2A > Flashcards

Lecture 2A Flashcards

1
Q

Inside the bone there is a space called the ____________. It has 2 types: …

A

marrow space; red marrow and yellow marrow

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2
Q

Every one of the bones contain __________ in a fetus; in adults its the ribcage, skull, pelvic girdle

A

red marrow

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3
Q

________________ produces all the blood cells including _________ (pieces of megakaryocytes in the bloodstream) and __________ cells.

A

Hematopoietic cells; platelets; red blood

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4
Q

_______________ is made out of areolar connective tissue and adipose tissue.

A

Yellow marrow

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5
Q

The _________________ forms the axes of the body like the skull, vertebrae, ribcage, vertebral column… Has __bones and includes the 3 smallest bones of the body in the ear: _____ (anvil), ______ (stirrup) and _______.

A

axial skeleton; 80; incus; stapes; malleus

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6
Q

___________ is part of the middle ear, consisting of 3 small ear bones responsible for transmitting sound vibrations from the inner eardrum to the inner ear; _________, _________ and _______.

A

Auditory ossicles; incus (anvil); stapes (stirrup); malleus

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7
Q

Cranial bones are part of the ______ skeleton?

A

axial

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8
Q

____________ protect the eyes, ears, nose, the sense organs (sight, smell and taste)

A

Facial bones

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9
Q

The ________________ has 126 bones; includes the superior limbs attached to pectoral girdle, pelvic girdle; some functions includes calcium storage and muscle production.

A

appendicular skeleton

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10
Q

_________________ are the embryonic stem cells that gives rise to the next step of development of osteogenic/ ____________. As adults we have them in the body but are dormant until needed e.g. break a bone. Located in the lining of the medullary space/marrow cavity.

A

Mesenchymal stem cells; osteoprogenitor cells

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11
Q

Osteogenic cells to osteocytes. (4)

A

Mesenchymal cells –> osteoprogenitor cells –> osteoblasts –> osteocytes

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12
Q

Osteogenic cells to Chondrocyte. (4)

A

Osteogenic cells –> osteochondral progenitor cells –> chondroblasts –> chondrocyte

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13
Q

___________ are bone forming cells. They secrete osteoid tissue.

A

Osteoblasts

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14
Q

____________ are mature bone cells that maintain the bone matrix and communication with other bone cells.

A

Osteocytes

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15
Q

_________ are cells found in the cartilage, a flexible connective tissue responsible for producing and maintaining the extracellular matrix of cartilage.

A

Chondrocytes

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16
Q

The _____________ is where bone cells are located.

A

medullary space

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17
Q

The ____________ is the outside tissue that surrounds the bone; fibrous, tough connective tissue. ___________ and ______________ cells are located here.

A

periosteum; Osteoblast; osteoprogenitor

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18
Q

___________ are the active cells involved in matrix production and tissue repair made of dense connective tissue. The more dormant, maintenance-focused stage of these cells. Can revert to fibroblasts when needed.

A

Fibrocytes; fibroblasts

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19
Q

___________ have a lot of cellular protrusions or extensions; when they are mobile they are a ______ in shape, but when developed a lot of extensions (________) they are one step away from becoming osteocytes. Most of them exist in the _______, responsible for _______________ all osteoblasts are interconnected through filopodia.

A

Osteoblasts; cubic; filopodia; periosteum; osteogenesis/ossification

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20
Q

_____________ is the process of converting connective tissue (like cartilage or fibrous tissue) into bone.

A

Ossification

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21
Q

____________ is the process of bone formation, which involves the development and growth of bone tissue.

A

Osteogenesis

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22
Q

__________ will connect with other ________ (same word) and build communication junctions/gap junctions at the tips of it.

A

Filopodia

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23
Q

________ are cavities found within the bone tissues that radiate from the lacunae. They connect _________ (mature bone cells) to one another, allowing for exchange of nutrients, waste and signaling molecules.

A

Canaliculi; osteocytes

24
Q

__________ is a modified macrophage. Reabsorption or remodeling of bone.
The ___________ closest to the blood vessel is responsible for nutrient absorption, cellular waste…uses active transport to share with another osteoblast (not through diffusion).

A

Osteoclasts; osteoblast

25
Q

____________ are specialized structures that facilitate direct intercellular communication between adjacent cells through cytoplasmic connections.

A

Gap junctions

26
Q

What bone is the most abundant protein in the bone tissue? What percentage?

A

Collagen; 90%

27
Q

___________ is when the bone is not able or barely able to withstand the body weight. Normally takes decades to develop.

A

Osteoporosis

28
Q

___________ is an adhesion glycoprotein; like to bind ____________, free calcium ions that may be floating around and Type _ collagen.

A

Osteonectin; hydroxyapatite; I

29
Q

__________ is a protein found in the bone matrix; binds to _______ and __________. Helps initiate the formation of hydroxyapatite crystals during the early stages of bone mineralization.

A

Sialoprotein I (BSPI); collagen; hydroxyapatite

30
Q

__________ is a protein found in the extracellular matrix. Binds to collagen fibrils, especially ______ collagen. Secreted by _________.

A

Decorin (DCN); Type I Osteoblast

31
Q

The ____________ occurs when the matrix vesicles are released from the osteoblast. Eventually the matrix vesicles fill with ___________ and bursts, then goes into ______ phase.

A

Vesicular phase; hydroxyapatite crystals; fibrillar

32
Q

The ___________ is composed mainly of type _ collagen, provides the framework for bone structure, giving it tensile strength and acting as a place for the deposition of mineral crystals.

A

fibrillar phase; I

33
Q

The ___________ contains the materials needed for ossification (________, _______ ions, ___________________)

A

Matrix vesicles; phosphates; calcium; dehydrate apatite crystals

34
Q

The _________ is the spaces between the rings of matrix in bones.

A

lacunae

35
Q

What elements create the unique composite structure of bone?

A

OCN (osteocalcin), osteopontin (OPN), hydroxyapatite and collagen.

36
Q

What does osteopontin (OPN or BSPI) affect?

A

Osteoblasts by activating proliferation.

37
Q

The ___________ mineralize bone formation; stimulate chondrogenesis and osteogenesis. Also triggers, osteoblast migration, proliferation, differentiation. In adults, it helps maintains homeostasis.

A

Transforming growth factor beta (TGF beta)

38
Q

The function of ___________ is to protect cells from anions.

A

Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs)

39
Q

What are the 3 types of Proteoglycans?

A

Heparan sulfate (HS)
Dermatan sulfate (DS)
Chondroitin sulfate (CS)

40
Q

______________ is important for chondrogenesis and for long bones (long bones in humans started out as cartilage models).

A

Chondroitin sulfate (CS)

41
Q

What performs Respiratory bursts?

A

Membrane-bounded oxidase.

42
Q

Membrane-bounded oxidase performs what?

A

Respiratory burst/oxidative burst.

43
Q

____________ is an ROI (reactive oxygen ions) by itself is toxic.

A

Superoxide anion (O2-)

44
Q

____________ is when ROI reacts with water and forms: Hydroxyl radicals (OH-) & Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2-).

A

Reactive oxide ions (ROI)

45
Q

How are Hydroxyl radicals formed?

A

When ROI or Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2-) reacts with water.

46
Q

___________ is a protein enzyme that releases hypochlorite.

A

Myeloperoxidase

47
Q

___________ known generally as bleach. Released by ___________.

A

Hypochlorite (ClO-); Myeloperoxidase

48
Q

___________ is a protein inside the bone involved in bone cell proliferation and remodeling and mineralization/mineral deposition.

A

Small leucine-rich proteoglycans (SLRPs)

49
Q

________________ is known as somatonins I and II. They are secretions (endocrine system).

A

Insulin-like growth factors I (IGF-1)

50
Q

_____________ A hydrophilic hormone with a binding protein. Maintains sugar levels and trigger release of other hormones. GH I can be secreted by the liver, involved in bone maturation, bone osteoblast proliferation, cardiac muscle development, development of nerves.

A

Growth hormone (GH)

51
Q

The binding of the GH and protein extends what?

A

Its half-life.

52
Q

What is the side effect of Growth Hormone?

A

Insulin-like growth factors II (IGF-2).

53
Q

__________________ is an essential hormone involved in fetal growth; proliferation of bones, cartilage connective tissue cells.

A

Insulin-like growth factors II (IGF-2)

54
Q

______________ is in the bones, easily bind to hydroxyapatite, also called an Protein nucleator.

A

Bone sialoprotein (I and II)

55
Q

Membrane-bounded oxidase are what performs ______________.

A

respiratory bursts

Anatomy/Physiology (13 decks)

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