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Anatomy/Physiology > Lecture 2B > Flashcards

Lecture 2B Flashcards

1
Q

__________________ tells osteoblast to start breaking down bones and to stop secreting calcium. Opposite function of _________.

A

Parathyroid hormones; calcitonin

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2
Q

Person can have 1-4 ___________. Composed of chief cells which produce parathyroid hormones and have ____ to sense the levels of calcium.

A

parathyroid glands; CsSR

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3
Q

________________ is a 33 AA hormone/peptide, inhibits osteoclast from breaking down bones.

A

Calcitonin

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4
Q

Mutations in the RUNX2 protein causes what condition?

A

Cleidocranial dysplasia (CCD)

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5
Q

__________________ is the condition of a missing clavicle; have short scapula; ppl are short in stature, very narrow finger tips and large thumb, flat feet, prominent forehead, flat nose, small upper jaw, and born with a condition called osteopenia, can easily develop osteoporosis, suffer from malocclusion.

A

Cleidocranial dysplasia (CCD)

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6
Q

Scoliosis, _______(wide but short skull), _________ (increased distance b/w eyes), ________ (bones weaken), __________ (misalignment of teeth and jaws), _________ (extra skull bones), and fontanelles (soft spots on the head; can cause cleidocranial dysplasia.

A

brachycephaly; hypertelorism; osteoporosis; malocclusion; wormian bones

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7
Q

Each of the collagen fibers is composed of what genes?

A

Collagen type I and Alpha 1 (COL1A1) genes [Pro-alpha1(I) chain + Type I collagen]

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8
Q

____________ has at least 22 types developed in the developing osteoblast; involved in regulating, self proliferation, help migration of __________, differentiation; in adults they help to respond to injury & repair.

A

Connexin 43; osteoblasts

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9
Q

____________ are a single transmitting protein. Usually 5-7 dif. multimers; they develop at the end of the embryonic development.

A

Fibroblast growth factors (FGFs)

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10
Q

____________ as structural proteins, nonactive OCN will bind to osteopontin…form a complex hydroxyapatite w/in the collagen matrix and form mature bone tissue.

A

Inactive OCN

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11
Q

_____________ is a bone maturation protein, called matricellular factors. Gene that produces this protein is located on chromosome __ (the bone gene cluster); this protein initiate hydroxyapatite crystal formation…the depositing and remodeling of bones.

A

Bone sialoprotein (BSP) II; 4

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12
Q

Osteoblasts are known to produce collagen; 8 different types: Type ______________. Only at the ______ chain; they also produce _________ (small protein, large sugar).

A

I, III, 5, 9, 12, and 14; alpha-2; proteoglycan

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13
Q

Glycoproteins initiate what?

A

Hydroxyapatite crystal formation.

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14
Q

_______ is a hormone that increases sensitivty to insulin.

A

Osteocalcin (OCN)

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15
Q

Decorin (DCN) is secreted by _______ and packaged into the ________. Binds what?

A

osteoblast; vesicle; binds to TGF beta.

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16
Q

__________________ are formed in the matrix vesicle before they are released from the cells.

A

Hydroxyapatite crystals

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17
Q

_______ and _____ are channel proteins that transfer Pi into the vesicle.

A

PIT1; PIT2

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18
Q

______________ is an intra-vesicular enzyme (inside the vesicle) responsible for hydrolyzing/breaking the PPi inside the ________.

A

Inorganic pyrophosphatase (PPiase); vesicle

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19
Q

What the first phase of calcium phosphate that forms during the mineralization process? State the other phases.

A

Amorphous CaPO4 → Octacalcium phosphate → Hydroxyapatite.

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20
Q

___________ facilitate the release of calcium and ________ ions to promote the nucleation of __________ crystals.

A

Phospholipases; phosphate; hydroxyapatite

21
Q

the role of _______ in hydroxyapatite formation is to break down collagen to create space for hydroxyapatite crystals

A

proteases

22
Q

What 2 enzymes play an important role in facilitating the formation of hydroxyapatite?

A

Phospholipases and proteases.

23
Q

The _____________ system redistribute nutrients; forms mechanotransduction: converting force of pressure into an energy form.

A

lacunocanalicular

24
Q

_________ are made out of multimers called Connexion 43.

A

Gap junctions

25
Q

________ 1st secreted by white blood cells and triggers differentiation of macrophage. Turns a stem cells into a mono blast.

A

GM-CSF (Granulocyte-monocyte (GM)-Colony Stimulating Factor)

26
Q

______ Triggers the growth of the osteoclast and prevents apoptosis. Turns a stem cells into a mono blast. This factor is secreted by _________, osteoprogenitor cells and osteoblasts.

A

M-CSF (Macrophage (M)-Colony Stimulating Factor); mesenchymal cells

27
Q

When osteoblasts become osteocytes, they send out cytoplasmic extensions into the _________ to connect with other osteocytes

A

canaliculi

28
Q

___________ provide strength and protection, filled with osteocytes and also known as the ______ canal.

A

Compact bone; central/haversian

29
Q

___________ is a hormone released through the receptor mediated release of the hormone called calcium sensing receptor (CaSR) which can detect the levels of calcium in the bloodstream.

A

Calcitonin

30
Q

____________ is a negatively charged, generally linked to a protein core. Also, it is attached to beta glycan (negatively charge) which triggers osteoblasts.

A

Glycosaminoglycan (GAG)

31
Q

State 3 types of granulocytes.

A

Neutrophil, eosinophil (2% of cell), basophils (release chemical compounds).

32
Q

State some agranulocytes.

A

Macrophage (in bloodstream), monocytes and lymphocytes

33
Q

__________ is a precursor cell (14microdions) a single nucleus, numerous nucleoli, basophilic.

A

Monoblast

34
Q

Receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappa B responds to…

A

RANK ligand (RANKL)

35
Q

RANK ligand (RANKL) are secreted by…

A

osteoblasts and osteocytes.

36
Q

___ is a pro-inflammatory cytokine secreted by macrophage, neutrophils and epithelial cells; triggers multinucleated osteogenic activation.

A

IL-1

37
Q

__________ is a competitive inhibitor released by osteoblasts that will bind to RANKL preventing them to bind to the _____ receptor.

A

Osteoprotegerin (OPG); RANK

38
Q

_________ increase SA to break down bones.

A

Podosomes

39
Q

___________ is a glycose amino glycan (not part of a protein core), non-sulfate.

A

Hyaluronic acid (HA)

40
Q

The role of the ___________ is to prevents acids and enzymes from leaking to surrounding environment.

A

sealing zone

41
Q

The __________ consists of dissolving/digesting protein and bones.

A

clear zone

42
Q

Acid and enzymes are secreted/broken down is the _______ border?

A

ruffled

43
Q

The _________ domain The side that is usually involved in the exchange (absorption or release) of ions; have __________ to increases SA to break down bones.

A

basolateral; podosomes

44
Q

The _________ domain is where the proteins and calcium and phosphate (once they break the bone down) is released from the secretory domain and into the bloodstream.

A

secretory

45
Q

_________ are proton pumps on the surface of the vesicles acidic vesicles.

A

V-ATPase

46
Q

_____________ is on the surface of the vesicles that actively collect chloride.

A

Chloride channel-7 (CLC-7)

47
Q

____________ is a cysteine protease found in the lysosomes; target is Type I collagen.

A

Cathepsin K

48
Q

______________ is a zinc core protein.

A

Matrix Metallopeptidase 9 (MMP9)

49
Q

_____________ is a metalloproteinase which targets phosphoproteins in the bones like osteopontin.

A

Tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP)

Anatomy/Physiology (13 decks)

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