Lecture #29: Circulation In Animals I Flashcards

1
Q

Why is diffusion insufficient over distances > than a few millimeters

A

because time to diffuse over a distance is the square of the distance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

_________ makes sure no substance must diffuse far to enter or leave cell.

A

The circulatory system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What do cnidarians, who have body wall 1 or 2 cells thick,(jellyfish etc) use for digestion and diffusion?

A

Gastrovascular Cavity (has branches radiating to and from circular canal)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Planaria and flatworms also have gatrovascular cavities that_________

A

exchange materials with environment through single opening

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What do the 2 types of circulatory systems have in common?

A

fluid (blood), tubes (blood vessels), muscular pump (heart)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Heart powers circulation by using ________ to elevate _________ which then flows down a _______ back to the heart.

A

metabolic power
blood pressure (or hydrostatic)
pressure gradient

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Open circulatory System

_______ have OCS’s.

Organs bathed in ______ called ______ in insects

Heart pumps ________ into interconnected ______ surrounding the organs allowing exchange.

A

Insects, arthropods, and most mollusks

circulatory fluid
haemolymph(blood and intestine fluid)

Haemolymph
sinuses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Closed Circulatory Systems

_________ have them

Blood is confined to ______ and is distinct from _______.

Hearts pump blood into ________ that branch into _______ coursing through _____.

Materials exchanged by _____ between blood and intestine fluid.

A

earthworms, squid, octopus and vertebrates

vessels
intestinal fluid

large vessels
smaller ones
organs

diffusion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Closed system of vertebrates often called

A

cardiovascular system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

heart consists of one _____ or two ______ (chambers that receive blood returning) and one or two _____ (chambers that pump blood).

A

atrium
atria

ventricles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

3 main types of blood vessels

A

Arteries (carry blood away from heart to organs)

Veins (carry blood back)

Capillaries (form networks called capillary beds that inflate each tissue)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

arteries branch into ______, small vessels that ________

A

aterioles

convey blood to capillaries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

at downstream capillaries converge into ________ which then converge into ______ which return blood to heart.

A

venules

veins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

A ______ heart has one atrium and on ventricle

Blood pumped from ventricle to _____ where it picks up _______ and disposes of ______.

Then converges into blood vessel that _______ to _____ that surround the organs (system circulation).

A

fish

gills
oxygen
carbon dioxide

carries blood
capillary beds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

In fish blood goes through 2 ______.

When blood flows through bed ________ drops a lot.

Oxygen rich blood flows slowly, constrains _________ and limits _______

A

capillary beds

blood pressure

the delivery of oxygen to blood tissues
max aerobic metabolic rate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What has 3 chamber heart

A

frogs and amphibians

17
Q

in 3 chamber heart, ventricle pumps blood into _______ and _______.

A

pulmo-cutaneous circulation

systemic circulation

18
Q

in pulmo-cutaneous, blood picks up ____ and releases____ before returning to heart’s _____.

System circulation takes most of _______ and supplies all ______ and returns oxygen-poor blood to _______ via veins

A

o2
co2
left atrium

returning blood
body organs
right atrium

19
Q

________ have 4 chambered heart which is divided into ________.

A

Crocs, birds, mammals

desperate right and left chambers

20
Q

in 4 chamber hearts, left side pumps/ receives only _______ and right side handles only ________

double circulation _________ so systemic circuit and prevents_________.

A

oxygen rich
oxygen poor

restores pressure
mixing oxygen rich and poor blood

21
Q

Endothermic use _______ more energy than ectotherms and there need more fuel and O2 and to remove more co2

22
Q

The Mammalian heart contains mostly _______

A

Cardiac muscle

23
Q

The two atria in the mammal heart have ____ walls and function___for blood returning to the heart

A

thin

collection chambers

24
Q

The ventricles have___walls and contract much more___then the atria

A

thick

strongly

25
A___is one complete sequence of pumping, as the heart contracts, and filling, as it relaxes, and it’s chambers filled with blood systole is the ______ phase diastole is the ______ phase
cardiac cycle systole diastole
26
In diastole the atria and ventricles are at___
rest 0.4 sec
27
Atrial Systole: forsces all remaining blood out of the ____ and into the ______.
atria ventricles 0.1 sec
28
Ventricular Systole: blood is pumped into ______
large arteries 0.3 sec
29
Cardiac output depends on which two factors
Heart rate and stroke volume which is the amount of blood pumped by the left ventricle in each contraction
30
What is the average stroke volume for a human
75 mL
31
What is the typical resting cardiac output
5.25 L per minute
32
How many valves are in the heart and what do they do
There are four and they prevent backflow and keep blood moving in the correct direction
33
What is an atrioventricular valve
Keeps blood flowing back into the atria when the ventricles contract
34
What are semi lunar valve’s
There are two sets one between the left ventricle and one between the right ventricle and they prevent backflow from vessels into the ventricles while they’re relaxing
35
What sets the rate and timing at which all cardiac muscle cells contract
the sinoatrial (SA) node or pacemaker
36
How does the SA node Make the eight year contract in unison
By generating electrical impulses
37
What physiological cues is the SA node influenced by
Two sets of nerves and hormones