Homeostasis

Question 1

Homeostasis is the process by which _______ is maintained inside an animal

Answer 1

an internal balance of materials and energy (or steady state)

Question 2

Can Homeostasis be at a cellular level?

Answer 2

Yes

Question 3

What is the overall result of Homeostasis?

Answer 3

Animal more independent of the environment

Question 4

How is homeostasis maintained?

Answer 4

Regulation through positive or negative feedback (via chemical or electrical communications between tissues)

Question 5

Conformity (conformer):

Answer 5

unable to maintain homeostasis for internal conditions (internal conditions vary with environment)

Question 6

Regulation (Regulator):

Answer 6

use biochem, physical, behavioral mechanisms to regulate internal changes over range of environmental changes

Question 7

Invertebrates are?

Vertebrates are?

Answer 7

Conformer

Regulator

Question 8

Thermoregulation:

Answer 8

maintain body temp within tolerable range

Question 9

Osmoregulation(acid-base homeostasis):

Answer 9

regulate solute balance and gain/loss of water

Question 10

Excretion:

Answer 10

Removal of nitrogen containing waste products of metabolism such as urea

Question 11

Types of regulation in animal body

Answer 11

Thermoregulation
Regulation of hormone secretion
Osmoregulation
Excretion
Oxygen Regulation

Question 12

Examples of regulated variables

Answer 12

temp
blood glucose concentration 
blood ph
blood oxygen
hormone

Question 13

Blood Glucose regulation(for increase):
When glucose level increases _____ cells secrete _______ Awhich converts glucose to ______ so that extra glucose can be ______.

Answer 13

beta
insulin
glycogen
stored

Question 14

Blood Glucose regulation (decrease):
When glucose level falls ____ cell’s secrete _____ which converts stored glycogen to _______. Bringing back to normal level

Answer 14

alpha
glucagon
glucose

Question 15

Hypothalamus does what? and how?

Answer 15

monitors blood temperature flowing through it

by receiving info of external temp from thermoceptors

Question 16

What are passive and active processes for core temp?

Answer 16

passive: when core temp changes slightly, regulates through control of heat conductance by varying blood flow or insulating fur/ feathers
active: for major changes of temp: thermogenesis or evaporative heat loss develops

Question 17

Mechanisms of Thermoregulation

Answer 17

Behavioral
Structural/anatomical
physiological
thermogenesis

Question 18

Mechanisms of thermoregulation change what factors?

Answer 18

surface area
temp gradient
thermal conductivity
radiation and convection

Question 19

Behavioral Thermoregulation

Answer 19

Change posture, find better environment

ex: huddle, panting, go in water

Question 20

Structural/anatomical thermoregulation

Answer 20

Insulation increase/decrease (fur, hair, feathers, blubber)

Question 21

Philoerection:

Answer 21

hairs stand up when cold to trap more air and increase insulation

Question 22

Vasodilation: expansion of diameter of ________ to elevate _______ in the skin and increase ________ to a cool environment

Answer 22

superficial blood vessels
blood flow
heat transfer

Question 23

Vasoconstriction:

reduces ______ and _______ by decreasing diameter of ________.

Answer 23

blood flow
heat transfer
superficial vessels

Question 24

Countercurrent heat exchange: special arrangement of _________ that help trap ______ in the body core and reduce _______

Answer 24

blood vessels
heat
heat loss

Question 25

Physiological Thermoregulation

Answer 25

sweating, panting

torpor, dormancy (hibernation): reserve energy during environmental extremes ( no heat transfer)

Question 26

How do small birds make it through winter in winnipeg?

Answer 26

Decrease thermal conductance by increasing fur thickness and dropping core temp

Question 27

How seal, whale and polar bear survive cold water?

Answer 27

increase metabolic rate
increase skin insulation (more blubber under skin)
blood can bypass blubber