Lecture 1: Plant Structure and Growth Flashcards
Angiosperms
first appeared in Cretaceous
Flowering plants
What are the two types of angiosperms
Monocots and dicots
What is the description of a monocot
they have parallel veins in the leaves
They have one cotyledon
They have complexly arranged vascular bundles
They have fibrous root systems
Usually have multiples of three flowers petals
Attributes of dicots
They have two cotyledons
Their veins are usually net like
There are vascular bundles arranged in ring
They usually have taproots
Floral parts usually in multiples of 4 or five
Fibrous root system
They have a mat of thin roots
Tap root system
One large vertical route with small branches
Where does most of sorption of water and minerals occur
Near the root tips where there are lots of root hairs
Two types of shoot systems
Vegetative system which is leaf bearing
Reproductive system which is flower bearing
What is a node
The point that the leaves are attached to
What is an Internode
This stem segments between those
What is an axillery bud
Growth buds that are in between the stems and leaves with the potential to form a vegetative branch
Terminal buds
Growth bud located at the plant apex
Apical dominance
Terminal buds can inhibit growth of axillary buds
Stolons
Grow on the surface and enable a plant to colonize large areas asexually
Rhizomes
Horizontal stems the girl on the ground for example ginger
Tubers
Swollen and of the rhizomes specialized for food storage for example potatoes
Bulbs
Vertical underground shoots consisting of swollen bases of leaves that store food example onions
What are the three basic types of cells that help form tissues in plants
Paranchymal cell’s
collenchymal cells
sclerenchymal cells
Paranchymal Cell’s
Perform most of the metabolic functions of the plant, they synthesize in store organic molecules
Collenchymal Cell
Help support a young parts of the plant, they are flexible and support
Sclerenchymal Cell
Support the plant with a dick secondary wall strengthened by lignin
What are the three tissue systems of plant organs
Dermal tissue
Vascular tissue
Ground tissue
Dermal tissue
The dermal tissue is pretty much the epidermis
Epidermis
Single layer of tightly packed paranchymal cells that cover and protect young parts of plants
The cuticle
Protects epidermis of leaves and most stem surfaces that help retain water
What does the epidermis do
Who is the first line of defense against physical damage and pathogenic organisms
Vascular tissue
Is involved in the transport of materials between roots and shoots
What are the two types of vascular tissue
Xylem and phloem
Xylem
Conveys water and dissolved minerals up word from roots into shoots
Phloem
Transports food made in mature leaves to the roots and two non-photosynthetic parts of the shoot system
Tracheids and vessel elements
Conduct water through the xylem using a nonliving conduit
Ground tissue
Tissue that is neither dermal tissue nor vascular tissue It’s functions include photosynthesis, storage, and support
What are cortex and pith
Cortex is the ground tissue in the external vascular tissue and pith is ground tissue internal to vascular tissue
Indeterminate growth
Demonstrated by most plant tissues
Grow as long as the plant leaves
Determinate growth
Flowers and leaves undergo this certain ones anyways
Growth stops after they reach a certain size
biennial plants
Lifecycle spans two years or growing seasons
Annual plants
Complete their life cycle in a single year or growing season
Perennial plants
Lifecycle spans many years are growing seasons
Meristem tissues
The location of these determines the pattern of plant growth
What are the three types of meristem tissues
Root apical meristem
Lateral meristem
Shoot apical meristem
Primary growth
Enables roots and shoots to extend
Secondary growth
Progressive thickening of roots and shoots
A product of lateral meristems
What is Root Cap?
Covers root tip and protects meristem as it pushes through soil
What is Zone of Cell Division!
Includes apical meristem/primary meristems. Apical produces cells for primary and for root cap
Zone Elongation
cells elongate, push root tip ahead, cells continuously added to youngest end of zone elongation
Zone Maturation
Cells begin to specialize in structure and function
Vascular Cambium
cylinder of meristematic cells that form secondary vascular tissue
Formation of vascular cambium
Secondary xylem forms interior
Secondary phloem forms exterior
Bark is all tissues external
Cork Cambium
Meristem that produces cork cells which form thick covering for stems and roots
What is Periderm
Protective layer that replaces epidermis, made of cork and cork cambium
If planes of division by cell are parallel what is produced?
Single file of cells
If planes of cell division are random?
Unorganized clump of cell’s is formed
Asymmetrical Cell Division
one cell receives more cytoplasm, results in key developmental event
