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Biochemistry I/II > Lecture 29: Calcium and Other Minerals > Flashcards

Lecture 29: Calcium and Other Minerals Flashcards

1
Q

____ are inorganic substances physiologically required in small amounts in our diets for a variety of cellular functions

A

Minerals

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2
Q

___ is the most abundant mineral in the body and it is often in complex with phosphorous

A

Calcium (hydroxylapatite)

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3
Q

What is the main function of hydroxylapatite?

A

Bone and teeth formation
(also cell signaling and nerve conduction)

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4
Q

What three organs regulate calcium?

A

Intestines, kidneys, and parathyroid gland

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5
Q

What form of calcium is the active form?

A

Ionized form

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6
Q

Where is the main calcium storage site?

A

Bones

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7
Q

What is activated in response to low calcium? What events are triggered?

A

CaSR and PTH
Events: 1) Bone resorption, 2) Kidneys will retain calcium, 3) Kidneys will make calcitrol (active form of Vit D) -> calbinding -> increase absorption of dietary calcium in intestines

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8
Q

Serum calcium levels are regulated by what three hormones?

A

1) PTH
2) Calcitrol
3) Calcitonin

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9
Q

Vit D deficiency and hypoparathyroidism can arise if one has _____

A

Hypocalcemia

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10
Q

Hypocalcemia can cause ____, ____, or ricketts

A

osteoporosis, osteomalacia

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11
Q

What occurs in the presence of high calcium?

A

Thyroid hormones is activated, which leads to release of calcitonin, which triggers bone reabsorption (synthesis)
= serum calcium levels decrease

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12
Q

True or False: Cancer, hyperparathyroidism, and kidney stones may be related to hypercalcemia

A

True

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13
Q

Bone mass increases with age up until reproductive age. In adults, a gradual ___in bone mass is observed

A

decrease

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14
Q

What is the most abundant intracellular anion?

A

Phosphorus

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15
Q

Most of the phosphorus in our body is in complex with ____

A

Calcium

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16
Q

Phosphorous is regulated by the ___ together with ____

A

kidneys; calcium

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17
Q

The more bioactive calcium that you have, the less bioactive ___ you will have

A

phosphorous

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18
Q

What causes hyperphosphatemia?

A

-Decreased PTH
-Metastatic calcifications
-Soft bone

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19
Q

What can cause hypophosphatemia?

A

-Refeeding Syndrome
-Overuse of antacids
-Muscle weakness

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20
Q

60% of this mineral is on our bodies in teeth

A

Magnesium

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21
Q

The homeostasis of magnesium is controlled by the ____

A

kidneys

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22
Q

True or False: Hypomagesemia is unlikely due to impair absorption or excessive secretion

A

False - it is likely due to impaired absorption/excessive secretion

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23
Q

True or False: Hypomagesemia can cause muscle and nerve hyperexcitability and cardiac arrythmias

A

True

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24
Q

What is used to treat pre-eclampsia?

A

MgSO4

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25
Q

Hypotension is observed in patients with _____ or too much Mg2+

A

Hypermagnesemia

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26
Q

____ is the primary extracellular electrolytes

A

Na/Cl

27
Q

True or False: Na/Cl is required for liver absorption and renal absorption of glucose, FAA, and galactose

A

False - Na/Cl is required for intestinal absorption and renal absorption of glucose, FAA, and galactose

28
Q

Sodium intake increases ___ retention (and thus BP)

A

water

29
Q

How is sodium chloride excreted?

A

Kidneys

30
Q

When can hyponatremia occur?

A

After/during endurance event; beer potomania;

31
Q

True or False: Hyponatremia is often a result of sweating, vomiting, diuretics, kidney disease, or diarrhea

A

False - hypernatremia is often a result of sweating, vomiting, diuretics, kidney disease, or diarrhea

32
Q

The main problem in hypernatremia is ____

A

dehydration

33
Q

What is the primary intracellular electrolyte?

A

Potassium

34
Q

An increase in dietary potassium could result in increased excretion of ___ and low BP

A

sodium

35
Q

Muscle/nerve/function, regulation of fluid and pH balance are all functions of ______, the primary intracellular electrolyte

A

potassium

36
Q

Potassium is regulated by ___ excretion

A

renal

37
Q

True or False: Hyperkalemia can result in muscle weakness, cramps tingling and is often due to fluid loss/diuretics

A

False - hypokalemia can result in muscle weakness, cramps tingling and is often due to fluid loss/diuretics

38
Q

Hyperkalemia is often due to excessive ___ loss

A

fluid

39
Q

What is the most common symptom of hyperkalemia?

A

Arrythmia

40
Q

___ is a mineral that is essential in trace amounts but it is toxic in high amounts

A

Copper

41
Q

What mineral is essential for aerobic respiration, transport of iron, and destruction of free radicals?

A

Copper

42
Q

Where is copper absorbed? Transported and stored?

A

Absorbed: Intestine
Transported/Stored: Liver

43
Q

_____ is the enzyme that transports copper

A

ceruplasmin

44
Q

What causes Menkes Syndrome?

A

Export of Cu from enterocytes to liver is impaired

45
Q

Anemia is a result of _____, which is a condition in which systemic Cu deficiency is seen

A

Menkes Syndrome

46
Q

True or False: In Menkes Syndrome, urinary and serum Cu levels, as well as ceruloplasmin are elevated

A

False -
In Menkes Syndrome, urinary and serum Cu levels, as well as ceruloplasmin are low

47
Q

True or False: Neurodegeneration and kinky hair may result due to Menkes Syndrome

A

True

48
Q

True or False: Focal Cu deficiency is observed in Menkes Syndrome

A

False - systemic Cu deficiency is observed in Menkes Syndrome

49
Q

True or False: Wilson’s Disease is X-linked while Menkes is autosomal recessive

A

False - Wilson’s Disease is autosomal recessive while Menkes is X-linked

50
Q

Export of copper from the liver to other tissues is impaired in ____ disease

A

Wilson Disease

51
Q

How is Wilson Disease treated?

A

Chelating agents

52
Q

True or False: In Menkes Syndromes, excess Cu leaks into the blood and accumulates in the brain, eyes, kidneys, and skin. Also: hepatic, neurologic, and psychiatric problems are seen.

A

False
In Wilson Disease, excess Cu leaks into the blood and accumulates in the brain, eyes, kidneys, and skin. Also: hepatic, neurologic, and psychiatric problems are seen.

53
Q

How is Menkes Syndrome treated?

A

Parental admin of Cu

54
Q

True or False: Zinc is an essential trace element that is important for the immune system and protein structure and catalysis

A

True

55
Q

Zinc is absorbed through a _____

A

transporter

56
Q

Phytates bind ___ irreversibly and block its absorption

A

Zn

57
Q

___, a trace mineral, potentiates the action of insulin

A

Chromium

58
Q

____, a trace mineral, replaces OH- in hydroxylapatite and makes it more resistant to acids (helps eliminate cavities)

A

Fluorine

59
Q

____ is required for thyroid synthesis

A

Iodine

60
Q

Low levels of iodine can cause hypothyroidism. Symptoms of hypothyroidism include: ____, _____

A

intellectual disability in kids, slower metabolism, weight gain, fatigue, and depression

61
Q

True or False: Hyperthyroidism can affect metabolism, behavior, and heart rate

A

True

62
Q

Bulging eyes is a symptom of ____

A

hyperthyroidism

63
Q

Hypothyroidism (?) is associated with ___ or bulge in throat-area

A

Goiter

64
Q

____, a trace mineral, is required for ~25 proteins in the body. It is involved in elimination of free radicals, can cause deficiencies and can be toxic.

A

Selenium

Biochemistry I/II (23 decks)

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