Lecture 29: Calcium and Other Minerals Flashcards
____ are inorganic substances physiologically required in small amounts in our diets for a variety of cellular functions
Minerals
___ is the most abundant mineral in the body and it is often in complex with phosphorous
Calcium (hydroxylapatite)
What is the main function of hydroxylapatite?
Bone and teeth formation
(also cell signaling and nerve conduction)
What three organs regulate calcium?
Intestines, kidneys, and parathyroid gland
What form of calcium is the active form?
Ionized form
Where is the main calcium storage site?
Bones
What is activated in response to low calcium? What events are triggered?
CaSR and PTH
Events: 1) Bone resorption, 2) Kidneys will retain calcium, 3) Kidneys will make calcitrol (active form of Vit D) -> calbinding -> increase absorption of dietary calcium in intestines
Serum calcium levels are regulated by what three hormones?
1) PTH
2) Calcitrol
3) Calcitonin
Vit D deficiency and hypoparathyroidism can arise if one has _____
Hypocalcemia
Hypocalcemia can cause ____, ____, or ricketts
osteoporosis, osteomalacia
What occurs in the presence of high calcium?
Thyroid hormones is activated, which leads to release of calcitonin, which triggers bone reabsorption (synthesis)
= serum calcium levels decrease
True or False: Cancer, hyperparathyroidism, and kidney stones may be related to hypercalcemia
True
Bone mass increases with age up until reproductive age. In adults, a gradual ___in bone mass is observed
decrease
What is the most abundant intracellular anion?
Phosphorus
Most of the phosphorus in our body is in complex with ____
Calcium
Phosphorous is regulated by the ___ together with ____
kidneys; calcium
The more bioactive calcium that you have, the less bioactive ___ you will have
phosphorous
What causes hyperphosphatemia?
-Decreased PTH
-Metastatic calcifications
-Soft bone
What can cause hypophosphatemia?
-Refeeding Syndrome
-Overuse of antacids
-Muscle weakness
60% of this mineral is on our bodies in teeth
Magnesium
The homeostasis of magnesium is controlled by the ____
kidneys
True or False: Hypomagesemia is unlikely due to impair absorption or excessive secretion
False - it is likely due to impaired absorption/excessive secretion
True or False: Hypomagesemia can cause muscle and nerve hyperexcitability and cardiac arrythmias
True
What is used to treat pre-eclampsia?
MgSO4
Hypotension is observed in patients with _____ or too much Mg2+
Hypermagnesemia
____ is the primary extracellular electrolytes
Na/Cl
True or False: Na/Cl is required for liver absorption and renal absorption of glucose, FAA, and galactose
False - Na/Cl is required for intestinal absorption and renal absorption of glucose, FAA, and galactose
Sodium intake increases ___ retention (and thus BP)
water
How is sodium chloride excreted?
Kidneys
When can hyponatremia occur?
After/during endurance event; beer potomania;
True or False: Hyponatremia is often a result of sweating, vomiting, diuretics, kidney disease, or diarrhea
False - hypernatremia is often a result of sweating, vomiting, diuretics, kidney disease, or diarrhea
The main problem in hypernatremia is ____
dehydration
What is the primary intracellular electrolyte?
Potassium
An increase in dietary potassium could result in increased excretion of ___ and low BP
sodium
Muscle/nerve/function, regulation of fluid and pH balance are all functions of ______, the primary intracellular electrolyte
potassium
Potassium is regulated by ___ excretion
renal
True or False: Hyperkalemia can result in muscle weakness, cramps tingling and is often due to fluid loss/diuretics
False - hypokalemia can result in muscle weakness, cramps tingling and is often due to fluid loss/diuretics
Hyperkalemia is often due to excessive ___ loss
fluid
What is the most common symptom of hyperkalemia?
Arrythmia
___ is a mineral that is essential in trace amounts but it is toxic in high amounts
Copper
What mineral is essential for aerobic respiration, transport of iron, and destruction of free radicals?
Copper
Where is copper absorbed? Transported and stored?
Absorbed: Intestine
Transported/Stored: Liver
_____ is the enzyme that transports copper
ceruplasmin
What causes Menkes Syndrome?
Export of Cu from enterocytes to liver is impaired
Anemia is a result of _____, which is a condition in which systemic Cu deficiency is seen
Menkes Syndrome
True or False: In Menkes Syndrome, urinary and serum Cu levels, as well as ceruloplasmin are elevated
False -
In Menkes Syndrome, urinary and serum Cu levels, as well as ceruloplasmin are low
True or False: Neurodegeneration and kinky hair may result due to Menkes Syndrome
True
True or False: Focal Cu deficiency is observed in Menkes Syndrome
False - systemic Cu deficiency is observed in Menkes Syndrome
True or False: Wilson’s Disease is X-linked while Menkes is autosomal recessive
False - Wilson’s Disease is autosomal recessive while Menkes is X-linked
Export of copper from the liver to other tissues is impaired in ____ disease
Wilson Disease
How is Wilson Disease treated?
Chelating agents
True or False: In Menkes Syndromes, excess Cu leaks into the blood and accumulates in the brain, eyes, kidneys, and skin. Also: hepatic, neurologic, and psychiatric problems are seen.
False
In Wilson Disease, excess Cu leaks into the blood and accumulates in the brain, eyes, kidneys, and skin. Also: hepatic, neurologic, and psychiatric problems are seen.
How is Menkes Syndrome treated?
Parental admin of Cu
True or False: Zinc is an essential trace element that is important for the immune system and protein structure and catalysis
True
Zinc is absorbed through a _____
transporter
Phytates bind ___ irreversibly and block its absorption
Zn
___, a trace mineral, potentiates the action of insulin
Chromium
____, a trace mineral, replaces OH- in hydroxylapatite and makes it more resistant to acids (helps eliminate cavities)
Fluorine
____ is required for thyroid synthesis
Iodine
Low levels of iodine can cause hypothyroidism. Symptoms of hypothyroidism include: ____, _____
intellectual disability in kids, slower metabolism, weight gain, fatigue, and depression
True or False: Hyperthyroidism can affect metabolism, behavior, and heart rate
True
Bulging eyes is a symptom of ____
hyperthyroidism
Hypothyroidism (?) is associated with ___ or bulge in throat-area
Goiter
____, a trace mineral, is required for ~25 proteins in the body. It is involved in elimination of free radicals, can cause deficiencies and can be toxic.
Selenium
