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Biochemistry I/II > Exam II-L8 (TCA/Ox Phos) > Flashcards

Exam II-L8 (TCA/Ox Phos) Flashcards

1
Q

Utilization of oxygen during energy production will produce more ___, especially over long periods of physical exertion

A

ATP

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2
Q

Where does aerobic metabolism occur?

A

Mitochondria

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3
Q

True or False: The TCA cycle, ETC, and Ox Phosph take places in mitochondria

A

True

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4
Q

___: the space within the inner membrane

___: highly selective, acts as barrier to most molecules

___: contains channels that allow for exchange of molecules with cytosol

A

Mitochondrial Matrix
Inner Membrane
Outer Membrane

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5
Q

Pyruvate must be transported into the mitochondria for ___ to occur

A

aerobic metabolism

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6
Q

What type of transporter allows pyruvate to enter into the mitochondrial matrix?

A

Pyruvate transporter

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7
Q

What is the main function of the PDH Complex?

A

To convert pyruvate to acetyl CoA

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8
Q

____: a large aggregate of many enzymes and co-factors located within the mitochondria

A

PDH Complex

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9
Q

Conversion of pyruvate to acetyl CoA can only take place within the ___

A

mitochondria

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10
Q

How many molecules of NADH are produced in reactions of the PDH complex? How any molecules are lost as CO2?

A

1 NADH
1 CO2

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11
Q

True or False: When pyruvate is converted into Acetyl CoA, it is being decarboxylated

A

True

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12
Q

Which reaction is the key, irreversible step of aerobic metabolism of glucose?

A

Pyruvate to Acetyl CoA

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13
Q

True or False: Acetyl CoA and NADH will lead to production of ATP

A

True

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14
Q

Pyruvate entering the mitochondria activates the _______

A

PDH complex (via: substrate level activation of enzyme activity)

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15
Q

How does accumulation of ATP, acetyl CoA, and NADH levels affect the PDH complex activity?

A

Accumulation of ATP, Acetyl CoA, and NADH levels decrease PDH complex activity (feedback inhibition)

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16
Q

What type of poisoning directly inhibits the PDH complex?

A

Arsening poisoning

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17
Q

What types of nutrients are required for the PDH complex to function?

A

-B1 and B5
-Micronutrients

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18
Q

What are four clinical symptoms associated with conditions that affect the PDH complex (e.g nutritional deficiencies, genetic mutations, arsenic poisoning)?

A

1) Confusion
2) Difficulty breathing
3) Problems with muscle contractions
4) Lactic acidosis

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19
Q

If the PDH complex is mutated or has defects, one can develop clinical symptoms due to reduced ___ metabolism, which leads to decrease energy production

A

aerobic metabolism

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20
Q

What is the first step of the TCA Cycle?

A

Oxaloacetate combines with Acetyl CoA to create citrate

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21
Q

What is the fuel for the TCA Cycle?

A

Acetyl CoA

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22
Q

In the last phase of the TCA cycle, ___ is regenerated, which allows cycle to continue if there is more Acetyl-CoA available

A

Oxaloacetate

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23
Q

How many carbons leave the TCA Cycle as CO2?

A

2 carbons

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24
Q

2 carbons enter the TCA Cycle in the form of ____ (2 carbon molecule)

A

Acetyl CoA

25
Q

What allows the TCA cycle to function as a true cycle?

A

There is no net gain or loss of carbons

26
Q

How many NADH, FADH2, and GTP
are produced in the TCA cycle?

A

3 NADH made
1 FADH2 made
1 GTP made

27
Q

Under anaerobic conditions, NADH in the ___ is reoxidized by __

A

cytosol; LDH

28
Q

Under aerobic conditions, NADH in the cytosol is re-oxidized to NAD+ and excess electrons are ____________

A

donated to the mitochondria for use in ETC

29
Q

___ and ____ will donate their electrons to the ETC

A

NADH and FADH2 will donate their electrons to the ETC

30
Q

Where are Complex I, II, III, and IV, as well as CoQ and Cytochrome C located within the mitochondria?
A. Outer mitochondrial membrane
B. Inner mitochondrial membrane
C. Mitochondrial matrix

A

B. Inner mitochondrial membrane

31
Q

Which of the ETC complexes/molecules has the strongest and weakest reduction potential?

A

strongest reduction potential = O2
weakest reduction potential = Complex I

32
Q

Complex I accepts electrons from ___

A

NADH

33
Q

Complex I passes electrons to ___, causing 4 protons to be pumped into the intermembrane space

A

Complex I passes electrons to CoQ, causing 4 protons to be pumped into the intermembrane space

34
Q

True or False: Both Complex I Complex II pass electrons to CoQ

A

True

35
Q

Complex II accepts electrons from ____

A

FADH2

36
Q

Complex III accepts electrons from ___

A

CoQ

37
Q

CoQ will accept electrons from ___ or ___ and pass them to Complex III

A

CoQ will accept electrons from Complex I (NADH) or Complex II (FADH2) and pass them to Complex III

38
Q

Complex III passes electrons to ____ and causes _ protons to be pumped through Complex III

A

Cytochrome C; 4 protons

39
Q

Cytochrome C passes electrons to Complex __

A

Complex IV

40
Q

Electrons flow from Complex IV to ___, forming water. This causes Complex IV to pump __ H+ into the intermembrane space.

A

O2; two

41
Q

What is the final electron acceptor in the ETC?

A

Oxygen
- without oxygen, ETC is inhibited

42
Q

___ and ___ inhibit complex IV

A

CO and CN-

43
Q

True or False: CN- and CO cause protons to not be pumped into the intermembrane space and cause NADH and FADH2 to not be oxidized

A

True

44
Q

True or False: Lactic acidosis can arise due to CN- or CO exposure/poisoning

A

True

45
Q

Flow of electrons (donated by NADH) across the ETC creates an electric current that powers complexes __, ___, and ___ to translocate protons into the intermembrane space

A

Flow of electrons (donated by NADH) across the ETC creates an electric current that powers complexes I, III, and IV to translocate protons into the intermembrane space

46
Q

True or False: FADH2 causes less protons to be pumped into the intermembrane space, because Complex I is not utilized

A

True

47
Q

As electron transport activity continues, protons build up in the intermembrane space, creating a ___ and __ gradient

A

pH and electric gradient

48
Q

True or False: Build up of protons in the intermembrane space creates potential energy

A

True

49
Q

When protons are allowed to flow back into the mitochondrial matrix, this creates a usable energy known as the _____ to drive ATP synthesis

A

proton motive force

50
Q

____: the channel that allows flow of protons

____: binds ADP and phosphate

A

F0 subunit: the channel that allows flow of protons

F1 subunit: binds ADP and phosphate

51
Q

The flow of protons through the ___ subunit of ATP Synthase leads to rotation, causing production of ATP in the __ subunit

A

F0 subunit; F1 subunit

52
Q

While anerobic metabolism yields approx ____ net ATP, aerobic metabolism yields ___

A

2 ATP
30-32 ATP

53
Q

True or False: Defects in mitochondrial function lead to insufficient ATP production, creating problems throughout the body

A

True

54
Q

Mutations found in components of aerobic metabolism affect __ production

A

ATP

55
Q

True or False: Mitochondrial diseases can cause lactic acidosis

A

True

56
Q

Which tissues and organs are most affected by lack of ATP?

A

Nervous System
Muscle

57
Q

Lack of neuronal function exacerbates ___ complications

A

muscular

58
Q

Clinical features of mitochondrial disease?

A

1) exertional fatigue
2) lactic acidosis
3) increased risk of muscle damage
4) opthalmoplegia (weakening of eye muscles)
4) ptsosis (eyelids)

Biochemistry I/II (23 decks)

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