Exam II-L11 Flashcards
____: disease characterized by hyperglycemia, caused by absolute or relative deficiency in insulin
Diabetes mellitus
True or False: In DM patients, FBG is greater than 126 and RBG is more than 200
True
Consequences of uncontrolled DM?
1) Neuropathy
2) Nephropathy
3) Retinopathy, glaucoma
Which type of diabetes is characterized by NO insulin production and is due to loss of pancreatic beta cells due to auto-immune response during childhood?
Type 1 Diabetes
What do conditions/episodes are patients with T1DM prone to?
- Diabetic Ketoacidosis
- Hypoglycemic episodes
True or False: In T1DM, patients must get insulin injections TID
True
Which form of diabetes is due to INSUFFICIENT insulin production or insulin resistance?
T2DM
True or False: T2DM diagnosis precedes metabolic syndrome
False - Metabolic syndrome precedes T2DM
Elderly patients with T2DM are at a risk of developing HHS, which stands for ___
Hyperosmolar Hyperglycemic State
True or False: Some patients with T2DM display acanthosis nigricans
True
True or False: Obese individuals require higher amounts of insulin to maintain normal glucose levels
True
___: cluster of metabolic abnormalities associated with obesity that predisposes individuals to CVD and T2DM
MetS
Cause of MetS?
Obesity + sedentary lifestyle
Cure for MetS?
Diet + exercise + behavior modification
True or False: Acanthosis Nigricans is associated with T2DM, obesity, insulin resistance, and is often seen in kids
True
Ketosis is commonly seen in what type of diabetes?
T1DM
Which type of diabetes is NOT responsive to oral hypoglycemic drugs?
Unresponsive
What type of diabetes is due to either: insufficient insulin or insulin resistance?
Gestational DM
True or False: Overweight moms are at higher risk of developing Gestational DM, may develop pre-eclampsia, and are at a higher risk of developing T2DM s/p delivery
True
What four processes does epinephrine upregulate?
Glycogenolysis
Gluconeogenesis
Ketogenesis
Lipolysis
True or False: Polyuria and polydipsia are symptoms of uncontrolled DM
True
HgA1C > ___ indicated one has DM
> 6.5%
____ provides an estimate of glucose levels for past three months
HbA1C
____: Fragment of endogenous insulin that can be measured to differentiate between T1DM and T2DM
C Peptide
Pre-proinsulin → Proinsulin → ____
C-peptide
Diet, exercise, and insulin injections with each meal are useful for treatment of which form of diabetes?
T1DM
How can hypoglycemic episode, commonly seen in T1DM, be treated?
Injected glucagon or given something sweet
How does very high ketones affect pH?
Decreases pH, as in DKA
Patient’s with fruity odor on breath may have what condition?
DKA
True or False: In DKA, there is no insulin made, yet blood glucose increases. Further, glucose is unable to enter muscle and adipose tissue due to lack of insulin
True
True or False: A ketogenic diet increases glucagon and can allow for weight loss
True
Why is exercise effective for treatment of T2DM?
Increases insulin sensitivity
What drug inhibits gluconeogenesis in the liver?
Metformin
What drug stimulates insulin secretion?
Glimepiride
What drug stimulates insulin secretion, reduces glucagon secretion, and reduces appetite?
Dulaglutide
What drug inhibits the enzymes that breaks down endogenous incretins?
DDP4i
What drug sensitizes tissues to insulin?
TZD
What drug inhibits reabsorption of blood glucose by the kidneys?
Sodium glucose transporter inhibitor
If one has a FBG > 600, as well as significant dehydration, they may have HHS, also known as _____.
Tx?
Hyperosmolar Hyperglycemic State
Tx: Insulin, electrolytes, K
