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Biochemistry I/II > Exam II-L11 > Flashcards

Exam II-L11 Flashcards

1
Q

____: disease characterized by hyperglycemia, caused by absolute or relative deficiency in insulin

A

Diabetes mellitus

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2
Q

True or False: In DM patients, FBG is greater than 126 and RBG is more than 200

A

True

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3
Q

Consequences of uncontrolled DM?

A

1) Neuropathy
2) Nephropathy
3) Retinopathy, glaucoma

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4
Q

Which type of diabetes is characterized by NO insulin production and is due to loss of pancreatic beta cells due to auto-immune response during childhood?

A

Type 1 Diabetes

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5
Q

What do conditions/episodes are patients with T1DM prone to?

A
  1. Diabetic Ketoacidosis
  2. Hypoglycemic episodes
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6
Q

True or False: In T1DM, patients must get insulin injections TID

A

True

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7
Q

Which form of diabetes is due to INSUFFICIENT insulin production or insulin resistance?

A

T2DM

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8
Q

True or False: T2DM diagnosis precedes metabolic syndrome

A

False - Metabolic syndrome precedes T2DM

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9
Q

Elderly patients with T2DM are at a risk of developing HHS, which stands for ___

A

Hyperosmolar Hyperglycemic State

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10
Q

True or False: Some patients with T2DM display acanthosis nigricans

A

True

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11
Q

True or False: Obese individuals require higher amounts of insulin to maintain normal glucose levels

A

True

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12
Q

___: cluster of metabolic abnormalities associated with obesity that predisposes individuals to CVD and T2DM

A

MetS

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13
Q

Cause of MetS?

A

Obesity + sedentary lifestyle

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14
Q

Cure for MetS?

A

Diet + exercise + behavior modification

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15
Q

True or False: Acanthosis Nigricans is associated with T2DM, obesity, insulin resistance, and is often seen in kids

A

True

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16
Q

Ketosis is commonly seen in what type of diabetes?

A

T1DM

17
Q

Which type of diabetes is NOT responsive to oral hypoglycemic drugs?

A

Unresponsive

18
Q

What type of diabetes is due to either: insufficient insulin or insulin resistance?

A

Gestational DM

19
Q

True or False: Overweight moms are at higher risk of developing Gestational DM, may develop pre-eclampsia, and are at a higher risk of developing T2DM s/p delivery

A

True

20
Q

What four processes does epinephrine upregulate?

A

Glycogenolysis
Gluconeogenesis
Ketogenesis
Lipolysis

21
Q

True or False: Polyuria and polydipsia are symptoms of uncontrolled DM

A

True

22
Q

HgA1C > ___ indicated one has DM

A

> 6.5%

23
Q

____ provides an estimate of glucose levels for past three months

A

HbA1C

24
Q

____: Fragment of endogenous insulin that can be measured to differentiate between T1DM and T2DM

A

C Peptide

25
Q

Pre-proinsulin → Proinsulin → ____

A

C-peptide

26
Q

Diet, exercise, and insulin injections with each meal are useful for treatment of which form of diabetes?

A

T1DM

27
Q

How can hypoglycemic episode, commonly seen in T1DM, be treated?

A

Injected glucagon or given something sweet

28
Q

How does very high ketones affect pH?

A

Decreases pH, as in DKA

29
Q

Patient’s with fruity odor on breath may have what condition?

A

DKA

30
Q

True or False: In DKA, there is no insulin made, yet blood glucose increases. Further, glucose is unable to enter muscle and adipose tissue due to lack of insulin

A

True

31
Q

True or False: A ketogenic diet increases glucagon and can allow for weight loss

A

True

32
Q

Why is exercise effective for treatment of T2DM?

A

Increases insulin sensitivity

33
Q

What drug inhibits gluconeogenesis in the liver?

A

Metformin

34
Q

What drug stimulates insulin secretion?

A

Glimepiride

35
Q

What drug stimulates insulin secretion, reduces glucagon secretion, and reduces appetite?

A

Dulaglutide

36
Q

What drug inhibits the enzymes that breaks down endogenous incretins?

A

DDP4i

37
Q

What drug sensitizes tissues to insulin?

A

TZD

38
Q

What drug inhibits reabsorption of blood glucose by the kidneys?

A

Sodium glucose transporter inhibitor

39
Q

If one has a FBG > 600, as well as significant dehydration, they may have HHS, also known as _____.

Tx?

A

Hyperosmolar Hyperglycemic State

Tx: Insulin, electrolytes, K

Biochemistry I/II (23 decks)

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