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Vascular Plants B300 Final > Lecture 28: Monocots: Poaceae > Flashcards

Lecture 28: Monocots: Poaceae Flashcards

1
Q

Class Liliopsida

A

65,000 species 11 orders

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2
Q

Phylogenetically the Acorales are what in relation to monocots

A

Acorales is sister to all remaining monocots

[Genus Acorus (sweet flag)]

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3
Q

family Alliaceae (need to know)

A

onion, garlic, chives, leek

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4
Q

Agavaceae (need to know)

A

agave

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5
Q

Asparagaceae (need to know)

A

asparagus, order Asparagales

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6
Q

Asphodelaceae (need to know)

A

aloe

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7
Q

Hyacinthaceae

A

hyacinth

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8
Q

Iridaceae

A

iris, crocus, gladiola

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9
Q

Orchidaceae

A

largest family of monocots, Genus Vanilla

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10
Q

Discoreaceae

A

yam (common crop in africa) and birth control pill

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11
Q

Liliales

A

Liliaceae (lilly and tulip)

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12
Q

Zingiberales families (need to know)

A

Musaceae –bananas Zingiberaceae–ginger

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13
Q

Smilacaceae (need to know)

A

greenbriar gives us sarsaparilla

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14
Q

Musaceae

A

bananas

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15
Q

Zingiberaceae

A

ginger

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16
Q

Order Poales

A

17 families

Eriocaulaceae (pipewort)

Xyridaceae (yellow-eyed grass)

Bromeliaceae (bromeliad—pineapple)

Typhaceae (cattail)

juncaceae (rush)

Cyperaceae (sedge)

Flagellariaceae (flagellaria)

Restionaceae (restio)

Joinvilleaceae (joinvillea)

we focus on the type family Poaceae

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17
Q

Bromeliaceae

A

pineapple

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18
Q

Family Poaceae

A

the grass family AKA Gramineae (latin for grass) 9.500 species, 668 genera 4th largest family of flowering plants

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19
Q

Grass leaves

A

alternate and 2-ranked attached on 2 sides of stem

1) sheath is attached at the node and envelops the stem above the node
2) leaf blade extends away from the stem and is typically flat and narrow with parallel venation

Intercalary meristem at base

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20
Q

Intercalary meristem

A

at base, which allows leaves of grasses to keep growing even if tip is removed

21
Q

Clum

A

upright stem of grasses,

initially has short internodes

later tip emerges from 2-ranked nested leaf-sheaths internodes

resume growth via intercalary meristem located above each node

Clum then telescopes up into wind

22
Q

Sod

A

perrennial grasses germinate to form a sod (dense mat of individuals) sod is held together by the rhizomes and the fibrous root system think of sodding the lawn

23
Q

Tussock

A

like a sod but a clump with short rhizomes that produce upright branches (tillers) at base of plant

24
Q

Tillers

A

Uprigh branches at the base of grasses produced by rhizomes

25
Q

Grass inflorescence

A

simple subunits called spikelets at base,

there are 2 nodes with bracts that are sterile (flowers not produced at these nodes)

stem that forms the axis is called rachilla

a fertile bract attached to the node of the rachilla is called a lemma (husk)

bract at base of pedicel is palea (chaff)

26
Q

Spikelet

A

highly condensed branch of inflorescence with sterile bracts at base

called the 1st and 2nd glume

stem that forms the axis is called rachilla

a fertile bract attached to the node of the rachilla is called a lemma (husk)

27
Q

Lemma

A

a fertile bract attached to the node of the rachilla

lemma encloses palea;

palea encloses flower

28
Q

palea

A

bract at the base of the pedicel lemma encloses palea; palea encloses flower

29
Q

Grass inflorescence

A

each spikelet has 2 glumes at the base and 2 ranks of lemmas along the rachilla

with each lemma enclosing a palea, which encloses a single flower

30
Q

Grass Flowers

A

perfect, hypogenous, actinomorphic

Protoandrous

Perianth reduced (2-3 scale tepals called lodicules)

3 differentiated stamens compound pistil,

superior ovary 2-3 styles (usually 2, with 2 carpels)

31
Q

lodicules

A

scale like tepals in grasses

32
Q

Floret

A

lemma+palea+flower unit

(kind of a misnomer) lemma and palea are derived from bracts,

not the 4 floral series.

functionally, lemma and palea are part of the floral unit

33
Q

Fruit of grasses

A

grain (caryopsis)

1-seeded, dry, indehiscent fruit

pericarp fused to seedcoat

34
Q

development of fruit in grasses

A

embryonic sporophyte develops towards the side of the seed closest the lemma

embryo is the germ of wheat,

corn and grains fusion of matured ovary wall (pericarp) to the coat makes a bran \

Dobule fertilization produces endosperm

35
Q

bran

A

structure formed when pericarp fuses to seed coat as in grains, the fruit of grasses aleurone layer of cells just inside the bran

36
Q

endosperm

A

nutritive tissue used by the developing embryo during germination and seedling establishment contains starch, proteins, fat, vitamins

37
Q

aleurone layer

A

cells just inside the bran rich in proteins and fats at germination, the layer secretes the enzymes that break down the endosperm starch into sugars that are absorbed by the germinating embryonic sporophyte

38
Q

Haustorium

A

What 1 cotyledon in grass is called after it is modified by absorbing sugars released from the endosperm and transporting them to the sporophyte via phloem called scutellum in grasses

39
Q

Polishing/pearling

A

Industrial removal of aleurone layer of cells inside the bran (which are cells that break down endosperm)

this leaves only the starchy endosperm makes white flower and rice,

which has a long shelf life grains with germ have oils in embryo that become oxydized,

esp. if they are crushed or ground up, tend to go rancid.

but provide more balanced nutrition

40
Q

Grass Pollination

A

When flower is almost mature, lodicules swell,

separating the lemma and palea filaments

elongate 1st so anthers emerge and release pollen

styles then elongate,

placing feathery stigmas into the wind to catch pollen as it passess

Protoandrous flowers promote cross pollination

41
Q

Rushes, Sedges, Grasses

The difference between Junaceae (rush) , Cyperaceae (sedge) and Poaceae (grass)

A

Rush stems are round in cross section with solid internods

Sedge stems are triangular with solid internodes

Grass stems are round with hollow internodes and flexible nodes that serve as joints

Rushes are round, sedges have edges, and grass comes in joints

42
Q

Significance of Grass (need to know) all in Poaceae family

A

cereals: wheat, barley, oats (near eastern cultures)

rice (far east staple)

sorghum and pearl millett (African)

corn/maize (new world cultures)

70% of our farms are crop grasses, 50% of our calories come from grasses

make breakfast cereals, breads, tacos, rice

Important derivatives: corn starch, corn sweeteners, corn oil (margarine), livestock feed off grains

Grown for sap: sugar cane (white sugar) molasses from stem of sorghum

43
Q

cereals

A

grasses grown for their edible seeds

44
Q

Barley malt

A

makes beer

malt–germinated grain in which enzymes released from the aleurone layer have converted starch into sugars

these are fermented using a fungus

45
Q

sake

A

rice wine, but really more like rice beer

starts with polished rice (lacks aleurone layer)

starch converted to sugars using 2 fungi! (so higher alc %)

Aspergillus and cerevisiae fungi

46
Q

Other Alcohol?

Rye, Corn, potato

A

whiskey made from barley

rye (secale cereale) makes rye whiskey

corn used to produce bourbon

gin/vodka highly distilled from barley, grains, and potatoes (solanaceae)

Gin is flavored with Cupressaceae juniper ovulate cones

Rum is distilled from fermented sugar can/molasses

47
Q

Other economic uses of grasses

A

Tussock Grasses as ornamentals in lawn/garden

bamboo used for houses, building and for matting for beds

bamboo also used for eating (youmg shoots only), fiber for paper, and pulp for rayon

48
Q

Bamboo

A

Height achieved by primary plant body due to structural organization of stem:

strong fibers at perimeter, hollow internodes, enlarged, flexible nodes, that serve as joints to positiion the stem segments

Segmented, hollow tube is strong, lightweight, and flexible

This organization is similar (but altered) for many grasses

bamboo used for houses, building and for matting for beds

bamboo also used for eating (youmg shoots only), fiber for paper, and pulp for rayon

Vascular Plants B300 Final (11 decks)

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