Lecture 21 Magnoliidae: Primitive Angiosperms Flashcards
order of evolution of angiosperms?
1) 1st angiosperms were dicots
2) monocots evolved from dicots
3) advanced dicots evolved from primitive dicots
How many extant species and genera, families and orders of angiosperms exist?
12,000 genera 260,000 species 450 families 50 orders
Phylogenetic relationship of magnoliidae to monocots and to dicots?
magnoliidae are paraphyletic to monocots and other subclasses of dicots
What clade is sister to all other extant angiosperms?
Amborella
Three early orders of Magnoliidae?
Amborellales, Nymphales, Austrobaileys
Order Amborellales
Family Amborellaceae
Genus Amborella
comprises how many species?
only 1, A. trichopoda
What does Amborella trichopoda sugguest about the earliest angiosperms?
They were dioceious
undifferentiated perianth
incompletely fused carpels with a stigmatic crest
monoaerturate pollen
woody, lacked vessels
did not produce ethereal oils
small, spirally arranged actinomorphic, hypogenous flowers
neither connate nor adnate
indefinite # of leaf-like stamens
Order Nymphales
Family Cabombaceae
Family Nympheaceae
Genus Nymphea
Genus Nuphar
Genus Nymphaea=water lilly
Genus Nuphar= yellow water lilly
Nymphales
aquatic, herbaceous perennials
stems as rhizomes
perfect actinomorphic flowers
indefinite # of spirally arranged parts
perianth not differentiated into sepals and petals
pollen monoapaturate or lacks apatures
parts never adnate, but sometimes connate no woody growth
Order Austrobaileyaceae
Family Austrobaileyaceae
Family Trimeniaceae
Family Illiciaceae
Family Schisandraceae comprise the Austrobaileyales
fewer than 100 species in these 4 families
perfect, actinomorphic flowers
indefinite # of spirally arranged parts
perianth not differentiated into petals and sepals
stamens not well differentiated carpels have stigmatic crest
pollen of
Family Illiciaceae
Family Schisandraceae
of the Austrobaileyales
triaperaturate, but not organized like eudicots because it evolved independently
Where did angiosperms originate?
Amborella and the Austrobaileyales suggest the eastern part of the super continent Gondwanaland
The current southern hemisphere
Magnoliids
4 orders:
Magnoliales
Laurales
Canellales
Piperales
Laurales
Lauraceae
Lauraceae->provide avocado, bay leaves, cinnamon
Calycanthus (sweetshrub)
Canellales
Drimys in Winteraceae
lacks vessels in xylem
undifferentiated stamens
has carpels folded but not fused
Piperales
Piper (Piperaceae) black pepper and peperomia
Order Magnoliales
6 families
Annonaceae
Myristicaceae
Degeneriaceae
Magnoliaceae.
many, but not all of the magnoliales produce ethereal oils
Order Magnoliales
Family Annonaceae
Asimina triloba
the pawpaw tree which produces “Indiana bananas”
Family Myristicaceae
Myristica fragans
nutmeg and mace
Family Degeneriaceae
1 species, Degeneria vitiensis
Family Magnoliaceae
220 species of trees/shrubs mainly native to asia but grown as ornimentals:
Magnolias and tulip trees have
pleisomorphic floral features
suggest that early angiosperms had the same features
Magnolia flowers
perfect, actinomorphic flowers
undifferentiated perianth
6-many separate tepals
indefinite # stamens and pistils
each carpel of a flower becomes a separate fruit–a follicle (many pistils per flower,)
there are many follicles per flower, and each flower produces an aggregate of many fruits
Follicle
dry, dehiscent fruit
formed from a 1-carpellate ovary
opening along only 1 side
follicle opens, the seeds remain dangling their funiculi
Family Magnoliaceae
Genus Liriodendron
Tulip tree is the state tree of indiana
Tulip tree flowers
perfect and actinomorphic
perianth differentiated into 3 sepals and 6 petals pistils
aggregate fruits (samaras)
Samara
dry, indehiscent fruit in which the ovary wall develops a wing aiding in wind dispersal
Flowers of magnoliid families
magnolia and tulip tree:
1) have their parts, particularly stamens and carpels attached to receptacle in spiral arrangement
2) perfect, actinomophic and hypogenous
3) free distinct parts, no adnation or connation
4) numerous # of stamens and pistils produce aggregate fruits
magnolia has tepals
tulip has 3 sepals, 6 petals
Why does Nymphaeales tell us little about evolutionary origin of angiosperms?
there is no evidence the common ancestor of angiosperms were aquatic
so the features of the Nymphaeales tells us more about their adaptation to an aquatic environment
lack of woody growth doesn’t tell us whether common ancestor had vessel elements or tracheids
Amborella trichopoda (amborella) the only extant species in the order Amborellales. The only extant sister to all other angiosperms
Nymphaea, water lilly
Cinnamon
Lauraceae
Avocado, bay leaves, cinnamon
Lauraceae
black pepper
Piperaceae
pawpaw “Indiana Banana”
Annonaceae
Nutmeg, mace
Myristicaceae
Tulip tree
Magnoliaceae
tulip tree
Magnolia tree
mace
dried fleshy outgrowth called an aril.
family myristicaceae
gives donuts their taste
nutmeg
Myristicaceae
aril
outgrowth of the funiculus or outer integument
Mint family
Lamiaceae
cloves
Myrtaceae family
(dried flower buds)
