Lecture 26 - Brain ageing 2

Question 1

name the 2 key pathological hallmarks of alzheimer’s

Answer 1

aymloid plaques, neurofibrillary tangles (tau)

Question 2

which type of cells do tau protein tangles destroy in the brain?

Answer 2

pyramidal

Question 3

where in the brain is there a high density of amyloid plaques in alzheimer’s?

Answer 3

neocortex

Question 4

which technique is used for the visualisation of tau tangle filament strructures?

Answer 4

cryo EM

Question 5

what are the two synucleinopathies?

Answer 5

lewy body dementia and parkinson’s

Question 6

what are the tau+ tauopathies?

Answer 6

frontotemporal dementia, Pick’s disease, argyophillic grain disease

Question 7

what are the tau- frontotemporal dementias?

Answer 7

frontotemporal dementia with ubiquitin/progranulin

Question 8

name 4 prion diseases

Answer 8

CJD, fatal familial insomnia, GSS, Kuru

Question 9

name 3 trinucleotide repeat disorders (polyglutamine diseases)

Answer 9

huntington’s, spinocerebellar ataxia, friedreich’s ataxia

Question 10

what are the 2 mechanisms of neurodegeneration?

Answer 10

programmed cell death and apoptosis

Question 11

name a non-apoptotic form of programmed cell death - mechanisms of neurodegeneration

Answer 11

autophagy

Question 12

name 3 pro-apoptotic markers of neurodegenerative disorders. what are the other types of markers?

Answer 12

Par-4, p53, Bcl-2

inflammatory cytokines, immune regulatory components

Question 13

name some factors causing ER stress involved in neurodegenerative mechanisms

Answer 13

genetically modified proteins, overloaded protein synthesis, altered ubiquitin-proteasome pathway, lack of autophagy, inadequate nutrients, dysregulated Ca2+ homeostasis, inflammation, hypoxia

Question 14

congo red is a molecule which is a therapeutic target for protein aggregation in which 2 neurodegenerative disorders?

Answer 14

alzheimer’s and huntington’s

Question 15

name 2 ER stress relieving compounds

Answer 15

4-PBA, TUDCA

Question 16

name 4 types of ER stress therapeutics

Answer 16

ER stress relieving compounds, UPR-targeting molecules, phenotypic drug screening (CMAP) and targeted protein degradation methods (LYTAC, PROTAC)