Lecture 13 - Age related molecular diseases Flashcards
cancer tumours begin in 2 ways due to an imbalance between normal cell division and normal apoptosis, what are these combinations which cause cancer?
increased cell division with normal apoptosis
normal cell division with decreased apoptosis
cancer critical genes can be sorted into two classes, what are these classes?
proto-oncogenes or tumour suppressors
give an example of a tumour suppressor gene (think p53)
TP53
give 2 examples of proto-oncogenes which when mutated cause overactivation of the cell cycle
Ras or Myc
mutations in somatic cells usually require at least how many mutations?
3
give an example of a protein which inhibits the cell cycle until cells are ready to divide but is dysfunctional in many cancers
Rb
give two reasons for why ageing is a risk factor for cancer development
decline in quality control and time
name the 4 molecular mechanisms or type 2 diabetes
mutations in insulin signalling genes
protein defects e.g excessive phosphorylation of IRS1
increase in oxidative stress
formation of AGEs
is the formation of AGEs an enzymatic or non enzymatic reaction?
non enzymatic
what type of reaction is the formation of AGEs? what gets added to what?
glycation - carb added to a protein
state the steps of the formation of AGEs
1 - schiff base formed
2 - amadori product formed
3 - amadori product oxidised to produce AGE
when levels of AGEs increase what is the name of the receptor it binds to ? what does this cause?
RAGE, inflammation
what is ischaemia? how does it affect ROS production?
insufficient blood supply to heart due to blocked arteries (atherosclerosis), increases ROS production
in cataracts, give an example of a lens protein which denatures and degrades over time to cloud the lens
alpha-crystallin
what are the 2 molecular mechanisms which can cause cataracts?
oxidative stress and protein aggregation
what happens in age related macular degeneration?
gradual loss of central vision
in dry age related macular degeneration, waste products build up called what?
drussen
in wet age related macular degeneration, what forms under the macula to cause cellular damage?
abnormal blood vessels
name the 3 causes of age related macular degeneration
oxidative damage (drussen), AGEs, loss of protein homeostasis
