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Immunology > Lecture 24 - Immune Memory > Flashcards

Lecture 24 - Immune Memory Flashcards

1
Q

Example of ancient documentation of immunological immunity

A

Thucydides documented immunological memory in his History of the Peloponnesian war
Treating plague

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2
Q

What is immunity?

A

The ability to resist infection after previous exposure

Persists due to immune memory

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3
Q

Classic epidemiological study demonstrating immune memory

A

Faroer Islands

Two measles epidemics. The survivors of the first didn’t get infected during the second

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4
Q

When was smallpox officially eradicated?

A

1979

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5
Q

Other successful vaccine campaigns
1)
2)
3)

A

1) Corynebacterium diphtheriae
2) Polio virus
3) Measles virus

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6
Q

Difference in memory between humoral and cellular arms of the immune system

A

Humoral immunity remains constant (stable antibody titres over time)
Cellular immunity declines, with a half life of 10-15 years

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7
Q

Cells which a germinal centre B cell can differentiate into
1)
2)

A

1) Bone marrow plasma cell

2) Memory B cell in lymph nodes or speen

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8
Q

Which cell becomes the effector in short-lived extrafollcular antibody production?

A

Plasmablast

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9
Q 
Tfh and germinal centre B cell interactions required for immunological memory development
1)
2)
3)
4)
A

1) CD40/CD40L
2) ICOS/ICOSL
3) TCR/MHC
4) IL21/IL21R (IL21 R on B cell)

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10
Q

Frequency of cognate B cells in a primary B cell response

A

1:10^4 - 1:10^5

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11
Q

Frequency of cognate B cells in a secondary B cell response

A

1:10^2 - 1:10^3

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12
Q

Main antibodies produced in a primary response

A

IgM, later IgG

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13
Q

Main antibody isotypes produced in a secondary response

A

IgG, IgA

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14
Q

Antibodies in breastmilk

A

IgA

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15
Q

How long after birth until serum IgG levels reach those of an adult?

A

~10 years

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16
Q

Immune response that most successful vaccines work through

A

Antibody response

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17
Q

Examples of infections that aren’t immunised against using a vaccine that elicits an antibody response
1)
2)
3)

A

1) HIV
2) Mycobacterium tuberculosis
3) Influenza virus

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18
Q

Location of naive T cells

A

Lymphoid

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19
Q

Location of memory T cells

A

Lymphoid and tissues

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20
Q

Role of maternal IgA

A

Protects the GIT of neonate

21
Q

Which cells can an activated T cell differentiate into?
1)
2)

A

1) Terminal effector cell (90% of T cells become these)

2) Memory cell

22
Q

Phenotype of terminal effector cells
1)
2)

A

1) IL-7R-

2) KLRG1+ (killer cell lectin-like receptor subfamily G1)

23
Q 
Experiment demonstrating the importance of IL-7R and IL-15R
1)
2)
3)
4)
A

1) Mice infected with an antigen
2) Take IL-7+, IL-7- memory cells from mouse, place into new mice
3) Infect new mice with the same antigen
4) Mice that received IL-7R+ and expressed IL-15 generated stable memory. Mice that received IL-7R+ and didn’t express IL-15 had memory die off quickly.

24
Q

Cell surface receptor expressed by effector cells, not memory cells

A

IL-2R

25
Q

Helpless memory

A

Poor memory response when DC licensing is blocked (CD40/40L blocked)

26
Q

Subsets of memory T cells
1)
2)

A

1) Central memory T cells (in lymphoid organs)

2) Effector memory T cells (extra-lymphoid tissues)

27
Q

Phenotype of skin-tropic circulating memory T cells
1)
2)

A

1) CLA+

2) CCR4+

28
Q

Phenotype of GIT-tropic circulating memory T cells
1)
2)

A

1) Alpha4:beta7 integrin

2) CCR9+

29
Q

CLA

A

Cutaneous leukocyte antigen.

An E-selectin ligand expressed by skin-tropic T cells in humans

30
Q

Central memory T cell phenotype
1)
2)

A

1) CCR7+

2) CD62L+

31
Q

Effector memory T cell phenotype
1)
2)
3)

A

1) CCR7+/-
2) CD62L-
3) CCR5+

32
Q

Central memory T cell location
1)
2)
3)

A

1) Blood, lymphoid tissues
2) Lymph nodes
3) Spleen
4) Bone marrow

33
Q 
Effector memory T cell location
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
A

1) Blood, non-lymphoid tissue
2) Skin
3) Lungs
4) GIT
5) Liver

34
Q 
Central memory T cell functional properties
1)
2)
3)
4)
A

1) Proliferative potential
2) IL-2 expression
3) Recirculation
4) Poor effector function

35
Q 
Effector memory T cell functional properties
1)
2)
3)
4)
A

1) Poor proliferative potential
2) No IL2 expression
3) Recirculation
4) Effector function

36
Q

Acute infection memory T cell response

A

Mostly effector memory T cells

37
Q

Late memory T cell makeup

A

Almost all central memory T cells

38
Q

In the skin, where do memory CD8+ T cells cluster?

A

Epidermis

39
Q

In the skin, where do memory CD4+ T cells cluster?

A

Dermis, hair follicles

40
Q

Difference in migration patterns in tissue-resident memory T cells
1)
2)

A

1) CD8+ are fairly static

2) CD4+ move around a lot

41
Q

CD8+ T cells found in the skin

A

Permanently tissue-resident CD8+ memory cells

42
Q 
Permanently tissue-resident CD8+ memory cell phenotype
1)
2)
3)
4)
A

1) High CD103
2) High CD69
3) CD62L-
4) CCR7-

43
Q

CD103

A

Adhesion molecule

44
Q

CD69

A

Involved in migration

45
Q

Comparison between phenotypes of T effector memory and T tissue-resident memory

A

Similar, but T effector memory have CCR5, and T tissue-resident memory express CD103 and CD69

46
Q 
Tissue-resident memory T cell location
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
A

1) Mainly non-lymphoid tissues
2) Skin
3) GIT
4) Lungs
5) Brain
6) Particularly common in areas after local inflammation

47
Q 
Tissue-resident memory T cell functional properties
1)
2)
3)
4)
A

1) Probably don’t have proliferative potential
2) No IL-2
3) No recirculation
4) Effector function

48
Q

Probable role of tissue-resident memory T cells
1)
2)

A

1) Sit in places (EG: epidermis) where circulating memory T cells don’t go
2) Control persistently or recurrently occurring infections

49
Q

Example of infection controlled by tissue-resident CD8+ memory cells

A

Herpes simplex virus

Latent in dorsal root ganglia, constant viral reactivation, but controlled by tissue-resident T cells

Immunology (30 decks)

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