lecture 24 - anya hurlbert

Question 1

declarative memory can be episodic or semantic.
episodic:

Answer 1

events we have experienced

Question 2

semantic:

Answer 2

facts

Question 3

visual association area:
Inferotemporal cortex (IT)
where is it located?

Answer 3

on the ventral (underneath) surface of the brain

Question 4

discovery of cells in the IT cortex that respond specifically to…

Answer 4

faces

Question 5

recordings in monkeys shows that there are cells that get excited when the monkeys eyes were presented with a particular face
the cells have selectivity for…

Answer 5

a particular viewpoint of the face (e.g side profile)

Question 6

in IT there are particular cells who have increased activity in response to an intact face but not when the face is…

Answer 6

disarranged

Question 7

face selective cells

Answer 7

when presented with 4 new faces the cell initially responds the same to all four
over repeated presentations it becomes specialised for faces 1 and 2
different cells will become specialised for different faces

Question 8

face selective area in humans

Answer 8

OFA: occipital face area
FFA: fusiform face area
STS: superior temporal sulcus

Question 9

fusiform face area is very specific for…

Answer 9

faces

Question 10

occipital face area is specific for…

Answer 10

faces and bodies

Question 11

STF is specific for

Answer 11

faces and bodies but faces more

Question 12

prosopagnosia (face blindness)
causes:

Answer 12

stroke
trauma
degenerative disease
genetic
pre/post natal brain damage

Question 13

two main types:

Answer 13

apperceptive: failure to encode the facial percept (unable to recognise a thing as a face)
associative: cannot recall faces of familiar people (cant put a name to the face)

Question 14

the lesion has been localised to the…

Answer 14

FFA

Question 15

prefrontal cortex takes in information across all the senses and is responsible for…

Answer 15

carrying out our higher order behaviours

Question 16

the role of prefrontal cortex in working memory

Answer 16

multiple areas in prefrontal cortex are activated during delay period in a working memory task

Question 17

prefrontal lesions cause deficits in…

Answer 17

complex problem solving
complex planning
complex maze tracing
remembering episodic memories and semantic memory intact
remembering sources of information

Question 18

the medial temporal lobe areas (rhinal cortical areas, hippocampus)
evidence from experimental lesions in monkey

Answer 18

effect of bilateral temporal lobectomy in monkeys caused ‘psychic blindness’ (good visual perception but poor visual recognition i.e they do not understand what they see)
also caused flattened emotions
and hyperphagia (eating everything, didnt recognise what was food)

Question 19

modern studies: delayed non match to sample task

Answer 19

the monkey is trained to lift up an object covering a well in order to find food underneath it
learns to associate the covered well with the food reward
after the monkey is trained it is presented with an extra well with a different object on it
the food is now under the new object and the monkey has to learn that

Question 20

this requires…

Answer 20

recognition memory because it has to remember what the old sample was and then he has to be able to discriminate the new sample from the old sample in order to get reward

Question 21

after lesioning the medial temporal cortex…

Answer 21

monkey performs worse on the task if the delay between seeing the old sample and then presented with new sample is too long

Question 22

this task isolates declarative memory from procedural memory

Answer 22

procedural memory - motor skill (turn over the object)
declarative memory - which is the old and which is the new sample
(the declarative memory is damaged)

Question 23

which is the key structure involved

Answer 23

the rhinal cortex (perirhinal)

Question 24

hippocampus
rey figure test

Answer 24

copy and then reproduce from memory
after lesion in hippocampi, patient can copy but unable to reproduce from memory

Question 25

his ability to form visual memories was impaired because of a loss of…

Answer 25

of neurones in the CA1 area of the hippocampus

Question 26

the hippocampus in working memory

Answer 26

the radial maze:
an animal is trained to find pieces of food in the arms of the maze
the animal is put into the central cylinder and can run down each arm
an animal with a hippocampal lesion will repeatedly go down the same arms not remembering which one its been down to get the food (deficit in working memory)
these animals can remember which of the arms never have food as this information never changes, is it stored in consolidated procedural memory, not effected by lesion

Question 27

hippocampal cells have place fields

Answer 27

these place cells respond when rat is in particular spatial location
it is likely that these cells play a role in memorising which arms have already been visited in the maze

Question 28

cell 1 fires when the animal is in a certain location in the upper box, whether the partition is removed or not.
cell 2 develops a place field specific to the lower box only after 10 min of the animals exploration in larger space

Answer 28

new spatial memory formed in hippocampus

Question 29

summary
cortical association areas

Answer 29

store permanently e.g face cells in IT or episodic memories

Question 30

parahippocampal and rhinal cortical areas

Answer 30

consolidation of memory
lesion causes anterograde amnesia

Question 31

hippocampus

Answer 31

spatial memory
relate into from different senses (e.g odor and location)

Question 32

thalamus and hypothalamus (diencephalon)

Answer 32

part of limbic system